Table 3.
Change in clinical risk factors, medical treatment, and incurred costs according to CAC score
| Parameters | Study Group at Baseline | CAC 0 (n = 631) | CAC 1-99 (n = 400) | CAC 100-399 (n = 171) | CAC ≥ 400 (n = 109) | P-Value (trend) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAD risk factors | ||||||
| Baseline SBP | All subjects | 128 (118, 140) | 132 (122, 144.5) | 138 (122, 149) | 140 (125, 150) | <0.001 |
| Change in SBP | All subjects | -4 (-16, 5) | -9 (-20, 2) | -10.5 (-21, 1) | -9 (-24, 2) | <0.001 |
| Baseline DBP | All subjects | 80 (74, 88) | 82 (76, 90) | 83 (78, 90) | 82 (78, 90) | <0.001 |
| Change in DBP | All subjects | -4 (-11, 5) | -7 (-14, 3) | -5 (-14, 2) | -8 (-12, -1) | <0.001 |
| Baseline CHOL | All subjects | 214 (190, 239) | 211 (186.5, 242) | 215 (188, 240) | 210 (184, 237) | 0.51 |
| Change in CHOL | All subjects | -15 (-42, 9) | -21 (-50, 5) | -30 (-54, -7) | -39.5 (-78, 0) | <0.001 |
| Baseline LDL | All subjects | 133 (111, 156) | 133 (109, 160) | 135 (109.5, 157) | 135 (111, 158) | 0.85 |
| Change in LDL | All subjects | -12 (-37, 10) | -18.5 (-50.5, 7) | -25 (-55, -4) | -29 (-62, 3) | <0.001 |
| Baseline HDL | All subjects | 54 (44, 67) | 51 (40, 62) | 50 (41, 64) | 49 (42, 59) | 0.001 |
| Change in HDL | All subjects | -1 (-7, 5) | -2 (-6, 5) | 0 (-6, 5) | 0 (-5, 4) | 0.46 |
| Baseline triglycerides | All subjects | 106 (78, 154) | 113 (79, 165.5) | 120 (82, 180) | 124 (86, 162) | 0.003 |
| Change in triglycerides | All subjects | -8 (-35, 14) | -8 (-40, 19) | -16 (-53, 8) | -25 (-67, 4) | <0.001 |
| Baseline glucose | All subjects | 91 (85, 98) | 94 (86, 103) | 94 (87, 102) | 97 (89, 108) | <0.001 |
| Change in glucose | All subjects | -1 (-8, 6) | -1 (-8, 6) | 1 (-7, 9) | 0 (-10, 11) | 0.34 |
| Baseline weight | BMI ≥25 | 186 (165, 206) | 188.5 (169, 208) | 197 (169, 222) | 186 (160, 214) | 0.15 |
| Change in weight | BMI ≥25 | 1 (-5, 8) | 0 (-6, 6.5) | -2 (-9, 3.5) | -3 (-10, 3) | <0.001 |
| Baseline WC | M>40,W>35 | 41 (37.8, 43) | 41.3 (39, 43) | 42 (41, 43.5) | 43 (39.6, 45.8) | 0.002 |
| Change in WC | M>40,W>35 | -0.5 (-3.8, 2) | 0.3 (-2, 2) | 1 (-1, 2) | -1 (3.3, 0.5) | 0.56 |
| Quit Smoking | Smokers | 15/27 (56%) | 13/24 (54%) | 3/11 (27%) | 3/7 (43%) | 0.22 |
| EX ≥3times/week | Non-exercisers | 92/284 (32%) | 75/188 (40%) | 30/74 (41%) | 17/36 (47%) | 0.03 |
| Baseline FR | All subjects | 4 (2, 8) | 8 (4, 16) | 10 (4, 16) | 16 (8, 20) | <0.001 |
| Change in FRS | All subjects | 0 (-1, 2) | 0 (-2, 2) | 0 (-2, 2) | 0 (-2, 2) | 0.003 |
| New medications | ||||||
| Lipid meds | No lipid meds | 94/505 (19%) | 96/274 (35%) | 50/116 (43%) | 44/68 (65%) | <0.001 |
| BP meds | No BP meds | 91/459 (20%) | 63/249 (25%) | 34/112 (30%) | 26/57 (46%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetic meds | No diabetic meds | 12/617 (2%) | 13/377 (3%) | 5/165 (3%) | 10/101 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | No aspirin | 28/560 (5%) | 31/349 (9%) | 17/146 (12%) | 16/75 (21%) | <0.001 |
| Medication adherence | ||||||
| Lipid meds | On lipid meds | 96/120 (80%) | 105/117 (90%) | 50/54 (93%) | 30/34 (88%) | 0.04 |
| BP meds | On BP meds | 157/167 (94%) | 135/144 (94%) | 53/58 (91%) | 43/45 (96%) | 0.97 |
| Diabetic meds | On diabetic meds | 14/14 (100%) | 19/23 (83%) | 6/6 (100%) | 6/8 (75%) | 0.18 |
| Aspirin | On aspirin | 15/65 (23%) | 12/42 (29%) | 4/24 (17%) | 12/27 (44%) | 0.13 |
| Performed procedures | ||||||
| Rest ECG | All subjects | 341 (54.0%) | 236 (59.0%) | 112 (65.5%) | 78 (71.6%) | <0.001 |
| Stress Nuclear | All subjects | 38 (6.0%) | 59 (14.8%) | 34 (19.9%) | 38 (34.9%) | <0.001 |
| Stress Echo | All subjects | 70 (11.1%) | 57 (14.3%) | 38 (22.2%) | 30 (27.5%) | <0.001 |
| Any Stress Test | All subjects | 155 (24.6%) | 144 (36.0%) | 85 (49.7%) | 70 (64.2%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac CT | All subjects | 44 (7.0%) | 28 (7.0%) | 14 (8.2%) | 15 (13.8%) | 0.04 |
| Carotid Ultrasound | All subjects | 76 (12.0%) | 43 (10.8%) | 30 (17.5%) | 18 (16.5%) | 0.07 |
| CATH | All subjects | 7 (1.1%) | 10 (2.5%) | 10 (5.9%) | 16 (14.7%) | <0.001 |
| Revascularization | All subjects | 1 (0.2%) | 4 (1.0%) | 9 (5.3%) | 16 (14.7%) | <0.001 |
| Medical costs (in US dollars) | ||||||
| Procedure costs | 899 (733, 1,066) | 447 (352,543) | 705 (450,960) | 1,130 (778, 1,483) | 3,774 (2,302, 5,247) | <0.001 |
| Medication costs | 3,131 (2,904,3,357) | 2,176 (1,922, 2,429) | 3,689 (3,265, 4,113) | 3,769 (3,058, 4,480) | 5,534 (4,457, 6,613) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medications | 825 (755,895) | 581 (491,671) | 1,025 (886,1,163) | 991 (790, 1,191) | 1,232 (979, 1,485) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension medications | 896 (822,970) | 722 (623,820) | 1,072 (924,1,219) | 866 (671, 1,061) | 1,318 (1,045, 1,590) | <0.001 |
| Diabetic medications | 529 (439,619) | 367 (259,476) | 617 (436,798) | 569 (325, 813) | 1,077 (652, 1,502) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 27 (22, 31) | 16 (11, 21) | 31 (22, 41) | 31 (18, 45) | 66 (42, 89) | <0.001 |
| All costs | 4,030 (3,714,4,346) | 2,623 (2,343, 2,903) | 4,394 (3,856, 4,931) | 4,900 (3,992, 5,807) | 9,309 (7,200, 11,418) | <0.001 |
EX = exercise.