Figure 3. Effect of exposure to imidacloprid on lifetime fecundity and longevity of T. schoenei.

(A) Effect of imidacloprid delivered through plant tissue. T. schoenei consuming foliage from elms treated with imidacloprid (N = 8) laid significantly more eggs than spider mites feeding on leaves from untreated trees (N = 8), while their longevity was not affected. (B) Topical application of imidacloprid to T. schoenei. Females (N = 30) sprayed with imidacloprid did not exhibit higher fecundity or longevity than T. schoenei sprayed with water (N = 30). Means±s.e.m. marked with asterisks are significantly different at P<0.05.