Table 1. Weighted average prevalence of current smoking by sex and country income group according to individual demographic and socioeconomic factors (data from the 2002–04 World Health Surveys of 48 low- or middle-income countries).
| Middle income* | Low income* | |||||||||||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
| % | (95%CI | ) | % | (95%CI | ) | % | (95%CI | ) | % | (95%CI | ) | |
| Overall | 40.7 | (39.5– | 41.8) | 13.2 | (12.5– | 13.9) | 36.1 | (34.7– | 37.5) | 6.2 | (5.5– | 6.8) |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 37.1 | (35.4– | 38.7) | 12.1 | (11.1– | 13.2) | 25.7 | (23.9– | 27.4) | 1.9 | (1.5– | 2.4) |
| 30–39 | 43.6 | (41.5– | 45.7) | 15.2 | (13.9– | 16.5) | 42.0 | (39.7– | 44.3) | 5.3 | (4.5– | 6.1) |
| 40–49 | 47.3 | (45.2– | 49.3) | 16.7 | (15.2– | 18.3) | 47.7 | (45.3– | 50.1) | 8.7 | (6.8– | 10.6) |
| 50–59 | 42.2 | (39.9– | 44.5) | 14.1 | (12.6– | 15.7) | 43.4 | (40.5– | 46.3) | 12.8 | (10.5– | 15.2) |
| 60–69 | 39.0 | (36.2– | 41.8) | 10.0 | (8.5– | 11.5) | 40.4 | (36.9– | 44.0) | 11.7 | (9.6– | 13.9) |
| 70+ | 27.2 | (24.1– | 30.3) | 6.2 | (5.0– | 7.5) | 37.8 | (33.0– | 42.5) | 13.2 | (9.9– | 16.4) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 36.1 | (34.4– | 37.8) | 13.3 | (12.0– | 14.6) | 23.4 | (21.6– | 25.2) | 1.9 | (1.2– | 2.6) |
| Married/cohabiting | 41.8 | (40.5– | 43.1) | 12.6 | (11.8– | 13.4) | 41.2 | (39.6– | 42.8) | 6.3 | (5.6– | 7.1) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 50.5 | (46.4– | 54.6) | 14.8 | (13.4– | 16.2) | 40.6 | (35.5– | 45.7) | 10.1 | (8.6– | 11.5) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 42.0 | (38.5– | 45.4) | 11.4 | (9.2– | 13.6) | 43.2 | (40.8– | 45.7) | 8.8 | (7.9– | 9.8) |
| Less than primary | 41.2 | (38.0– | 44.4) | 18.1 | (15.7– | 20.5) | 42.7 | (40.0– | 45.5) | 6.0 | (4.9– | 7.1) |
| Primary completed | 41.7 | (39.5– | 44.0) | 14.2 | (12.7– | 15.7) | 35.0 | (32.9– | 37.1) | 3.3 | (2.5– | 4.1) |
| Secondary/high school completed | 39.8 | (38.4– | 41.2) | 12.5 | (11.7– | 13.3) | 30.2 | (28.1– | 32.2) | 2.0 | (1.0– | 3.0) |
| College completed/higher | 41.7 | (38.8– | 44.7) | 12.0 | (10.3– | 13.7) | 21.2 | (17.3– | 25.2) | 0.9 | (0.4– | 1.3) |
| Employment | ||||||||||||
| Not working for pay | 36.8 | (35.0– | 38.5) | 11.8 | (11.0– | 12.5) | 22.3 | (20.3– | 24.2) | 6.1 | (5.2– | 6.9) |
| Employed | 42.3 | (41.0– | 43.6) | 15.6 | (14.5– | 16.7) | 39.3 | (37.7– | 40.8) | 6.4 | (5.6– | 7.2) |
| Main economic provider of household | ||||||||||||
| No | 37.7 | (35.9– | 39.4) | 13.0 | (12.2– | 13.7) | 28.4 | (26.7– | 30.1) | 6.0 | (5.3– | 6.6) |
| Yes | 42.3 | (41.0– | 43.5) | 14.0 | (12.8– | 15.2) | 42.2 | (40.5– | 43.9) | 7.7 | (6.4– | 9.0) |
| Wealth | ||||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 46.2 | (44.1– | 48.4) | 12.9 | (11.4– | 14.4) | 46.2 | (43.4– | 49.0) | 8.9 | (7.0– | 10.9) |
| Quintile 2 | 41.9 | (39.7– | 44.1) | 12.4 | (11.2– | 13.6) | 41.8 | (39.4– | 44.3) | 7.2 | (6.1– | 8.3) |
| Quintile 3 | 41.1 | (39.0– | 43.2) | 13.0 | (11.7– | 14.2) | 36.3 | (33.8– | 38.9) | 6.9 | (5.7– | 8.1) |
| Quintile 4 | 39.4 | (37.2– | 41.6) | 13.6 | (12.3– | 14.9) | 31.3 | (28.9– | 33.6) | 4.9 | (3.9– | 5.9) |
| Quintile 5 | 36.2 | (34.2– | 38.2) | 13.8 | (12.5– | 15.2) | 27.3 | (25.1– | 29.5) | 3.0 | (2.3– | 3.7) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 42.8 | (41.0– | 44.6) | 9.5 | (8.5– | 10.5) | 37.3 | (35.6– | 39.0) | 7.0 | (6.2– | 7.8) |
| Urban | 39.7 | (38.3– | 41.1) | 14.7 | (13.9– | 15.6) | 32.5 | (29.9– | 35.0) | 3.8 | (3.0– | 4.5) |
*World Development Report 2005.