Table 2. Multivariable analysis of the odds of current smoking by sex and country income group according to individual demographic and socioeconomic factors (data from the 2002–04 World Health Surveys of 48 low- or middle-income countries)*.
| Middle income** | Low income** | |||||||||||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
| Adjusted odds ratio | (95%CI | ) | Adjusted odds ratio | (95%CI | ) | Adjusted odds ratio | (95%CI | ) | Adjusted odds ratio | (95%CI | ) | |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| 30–39 | 1.16 | (1.03– | 1.29) | 1.24 | (1.08 | –1.42) | 1.64 | (1.43 | –1.89) | 2.38 | (1.84 | –3.08) |
| 40–49 | 1.21 | (1.07– | 1.36) | 1.23 | (1.05 | –1.44) | 1.89 | (1.62 | –2.21) | 4.00 | (2.73 | –5.85) |
| 50–59 | 0.96 | (0.84– | 1.10) | 0.87 | (0.73 | –1.03) | 1.68 | (1.42 | –2.00) | 6.02 | (4.21 | –8.61) |
| 60–69 | 0.73 | (0.61– | 0.87) | 0.52 | (0.41 | –0.65) | 1.48 | (1.21 | –1.81) | 5.31 | (3.65 | –7.71) |
| 70+ | 0.33 | (0.27– | 0.42) | 0.26 | (0.19 | –0.34) | 1.30 | (1.00 | –1.69) | 6.14 | (4.09 | –9.22) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 1.10 | (0.98– | 1.24) | 0.85 | (0.74 | –0.98) | 1.29 | (1.12 | –1.49) | 1.18 | (0.78 | –1.77) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.79 | (1.46– | 2.19) | 1.27 | (1.06 | –1.52) | 1.59 | (1.20 | –2.10) | 1.13 | (0.72 | –1.79) |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 2.81 | (2.23– | 3.55) | 3.21 | (2.34 | –4.40) | 2.54 | (2.01 | –3.23) | 3.77 | (1.96 | –7.26) |
| Less than primary | 2.02 | (1.64– | 2.48) | 2.46 | (1.92 | –3.16) | 2.24 | (1.72 | –2.92) | 3.08 | (1.63 | –5.82) |
| Primary completed | 1.88 | (1.60– | 2.21) | 1.64 | (1.32 | –2.05) | 1.85 | (1.45 | –2.36) | 2.43 | (1.29 | –4.58) |
| Secondary/high school completed | 1.39 | (1.21– | 1.59) | 1.06 | (0.88 | –1.27) | 1.67 | (1.32 | –2.11) | 2.07 | (1.02 | –4.20) |
| College completed/higher | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Employment | ||||||||||||
| Not working for pay | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Employed | 1.13 | (1.02– | 1.25) | 1.12 | (1.01 | –1.25) | 1.53 | (1.33 | –1.75) | 1.16 | (0.89 | –1.51) |
| Main economic provider of household | ||||||||||||
| No | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Yes | 1.04 | (0.94– | 1.16) | 1.15 | (1.01 | –1.31) | 1.11 | (0.97 | –1.26) | 1.19 | (0.95 | –1.48) |
| Wealth | ||||||||||||
| Quintile 1 | 1.36 | (1.19– | 1.56) | 0.90 | (0.73 | –1.10) | 1.67 | (1.37 | –2.04) | 2.10 | (1.30 | –3.39) |
| Quintile 2 | 1.14 | (1.00– | 1.30) | 0.83 | (0.70 | –0.99) | 1.51 | (1.26 | –1.81) | 1.68 | (1.21 | –2.33) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.14 | (1.02– | 1.28) | 0.88 | (0.75 | –1.04) | 1.30 | (1.10 | –1.53) | 1.76 | (1.23 | –2.53) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.07 | (0.96– | 1.20) | 0.96 | (0.81 | –1.12) | 1.10 | (0.94 | –1.28) | 1.33 | (0.96 | –1.83) |
| Quintile 5 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Urban | 1.19 | (1.08– | 1.32) | 1.53 | (1.32 | –1.77) | 1.10 | (0.96 | –1.27) | 0.80 | (0.61 | –1.05) |
*Multivariable models included all variables listed in the table, and country of residence.
**World Development Report 2005.