Table 2.
Clinical measurements reveal deficiencies in right and left ventricular functions of DSG2mt/mt mutant mice
| DSG2wt/wt | DSG2mt/mt | |
|---|---|---|
| n | 8 | 7 |
| Body weight (g) | 32.16 ± 2.06 | 33.89 ± 2.69 |
| Heart weight (mg) | 174.16 ± 16.34 | 221.66 ± 13.19*** |
| Heart weight/body weight | 5.41 ± 0.22 | 6.59 ± 0.69** |
| Heart length (apex basis, mm) | 4.76 ± 0.2 | 5.55 ± 0.48** |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 502.75 ± 67.87 | 456.83 ± 38.45 |
| M-mode variables | ||
| Left ventricle (LV) mass (mg) | 115.48 ± 24.49 | 186.85 ± 80.66* |
| LV mass/body mass (mg/g) | 3.57 ± 0.65 | 5.5 ± 2.26* |
| Interventricular septum in diastole (mm) | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.79 ± 0.1 |
| LV inner diameter in diastole (mm) | 4.28 ± 0.49 | 5.23 ± 1.15 (P = 0.05) |
| LV posterior wall in diastole (mm) | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 0.77 ± 0.12 |
| Interventricular septum in systole (mm) | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 0.90 ± 0.12 |
| LV inner diameter in systole (mm) | 2.68 ± 0.48 | 4.39 ± 1.23** |
| LV posterior wall in systole (mm) | 1.12 ± 0.34 | 0.98 ± 0.18 |
| Fractional shortening (%) | 37.77 ± 4.59 | 16.98 ± 5.19*** |
| B-mode variables | ||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 67.00 ± 5.18 | 34.43 ± 11.28*** |
| Cardiac output (ml/min) | 24.73 ± 3.57 | 17.43 ± 2.79** |
| Stroke volume (μl) | 50.81 ± 7.51 | 37.97 ± 6.67** |
| Fractional area change (%) | 52.46 ± 8.48 | 23.82 ± 8.83*** |
| End-diastolic volume (μl) | 76.33 ± 14.41 | 121.82 ± 49.70* |
| End-systolic volume (μl) | 26.61 ± 8.89 | 83.85 ± 48.17** |
| End-diastolic volume index (μl/g) | 2.37 ± 0.44 | 3.61 ± 1.47* |
| End-systolic volume index (μl/g) | 0.82 ± 0.26 | 2.49 ± 1.4*** |
| Doppler wave form | ||
| Mitral valve E-wave peak (cm/s) | 785.64 ± 105.67 | 739.62 ± 153.82 (P = 0,05) |
| Mitral valve A-wave peak (cm/s) | 557.31 ± 144.52 | 244.25 ± 135.75** |
| Mitral valve E/A | 1.46 ± 0.27 | 3.77 ± 2.01*** |
| Invasive hemodynamics | ||
| Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP)baseline | 104.00 ± 3.81 | 92.71 ± 5.57** |
| LVDPnorepinephrine | 120.00 ± 7.95 | 105.99 ± 9.66* |
| +dP/dtmax baseline | 13,568.75 ± 865.77 | 9,522.14 ± 1,778.36*** |
| +dP/dtmax norepinephrine | 16,959.37 ± 1,311.36 | 11,916.14 ± 2,293.64*** |
| −dP/dtmin baseline | −9,147.13 ± 1,209.85 | −6,376.58 ± 927.54** |
| −dP/dtmin norepinephrine | −9,958.25 ± 1,293.03 | −7,450.29 ± 1,218.84** |
| Relaxation indexbaseline | −87.92 ± 10.81 | −68.50 ± 6.80** |
| Relaxation indexnorepinehrine | −83.09 ± 10.30 | −70.09 ± 8.64* |
M-mode and B-mode measurements indicate left ventricular dilatation in the mutant mice accompanied by decreased systolic function (echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics). Note the decreased left ventricular compliance and impaired left atrial contractility. Late diastolic velocity was reduced with consequently increased E/A; (wild-type DSG2wt/wt vs. DSG2mt/mt mutants *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; mean ± SD)