Table 2.
All-Cause Mortality Risk Associated With Sleep Disturbances Among 4,465 Women and 12,524 Men Who Participated in the GAZEL Cohort Study, 1990–2009
| Women |
Men |
|||||||||
| No. of Deathsa | Age-Adjusted HR | 95% CI | Multiply Adjustedb HR | 95% CI | No. of Deathsa | Age-Adjusted HR | 95% CI | Multiply Adjustedb HR | 95% CI | |
| I take tablets to help me sleep. | ||||||||||
| No | 115 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 727 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Yes | 35 | 1.16 | 0.75, 1.61 | 1.07 | 0.72, 1.57 | 126 | 1.56 | 1.29, 1.89 | 1.30 | 1.07, 1.57 |
| I lie awake most of the night. | ||||||||||
| No | 126 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 754 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Yes | 24 | 1.05 | 0.68, 1.62 | 0.93 | 0.59, 1.44 | 94 | 1.72 | 1.39, 2.14 | 1.36 | 1.09, 1.70 |
| I sleep badly at night. | ||||||||||
| No | 132 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 796 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Yes | 17 | 1.55 | 0.94, 2.57 | 1.07 | 0.62, 1.84 | 45 | 2.26 | 1.67, 3.05 | 1.69 | 1.25, 2.31 |
| It takes me a long time to fall asleep. | ||||||||||
| No | 132 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 775 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Yes | 17 | 1.41 | 0.85, 2.33 | 1.28 | 0.76, 2.16 | 71 | 1.42 | 1.11, 1.81 | 1.16 | 0.91, 1.49 |
| I am waking up in the early hours of the morning. | ||||||||||
| No | 109 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 559 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Yes | 40 | 0.77 | 0.54, 1.11 | 0.77 | 0.53, 1.11 | 293 | 1.12 | 0.97, 1.28 | 1.10 | 0.95, 1.27 |
| Nottingham Health Profile sleep score (no. of items) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 80 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 436 | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| 1 | 32 | 0.70 | 0.47, 1.06 | 0.61 | 0.40, 0.93 | 261 | 1.21 | 1.04, 1.41 | 1.17 | 1.01, 1.37 |
| 2 | 20 | 0.86 | 0.53, 1.40 | 0.74 | 0.45, 1.23 | 96 | 1.44 | 1.16, 1.80 | 1.26 | 1.01, 1.58 |
| ≥3 | 14 | 1.17 | 0.67, 2.07 | 0.96 | 0.54, 1.72 | 38 | 1.96 | 1.41, 2.73 | 1.38 | 0.98, 1.94 |
| P for trend | 0.85 | 0.33 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Nottingham Health Profile sleep score (weighted sum score) | ||||||||||
| 10-point increase | 146 | 1.01 | 0.94, 1.10 | 0.98 | 0.90, 1.06 | 831 | 1.12 | 1.08, 1.16 | 1.07 | 1.02, 1.11 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a
The total number of deaths was 160 in women and 852 in men, but because of missing values, the numbers for some of the variables do not add up to the overall total.
b
Adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, marital status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, baseline body mass index, night work, and baseline morbidity (hypertension, diabetes, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, asthma, or chronic bronchitis).