Table 3.

All-Cause Mortality Risk Associated With Impaired Sleep Quality Among the 12,524 Men Who Participated in the GAZEL Cohort Study, Stratified by Age at Baseline, 1990–2009

	Baseline Age ≤45 years			Baseline Age >45 years
	No. of Deathsa	Multiply Adjustedb HR	95% CI	No. of Deathsa	Multiply Adjustedb HR	95% CI
I take tablets to help me sleep.
No	304	1	Reference	423	1	Reference
Yes	46	1.28	0.93, 1.76	80	1.31	1.03, 1.67
I lie awake most of the night.
No	304	1	Reference	450	1	Reference
Yes	43	1.46	1.04, 2.05	51	1.29	0.96, 1.75
I sleep badly at night.
No	326	1	Reference	470	1	Reference
Yes	20	1.78	1.11, 2.86	25	1.70	1.13, 2.56
It takes me a long time to fall asleep.
No	316	1	Reference	459	1	Reference
Yes	32	1.78	1.23, 2.57	39	0.89	0.64, 1.24
I am waking up in the early hours of the morning.
No	220	1	Reference	339	1	Reference
Yes	129	1.44	1.15, 1.79	164	0.92	0.76, 1.11
Nottingham Health Profile sleep score (no. of items)
0	174	1	Reference	262	1	Reference
1	112	1.47	1.16, 1.87	149	1.00	0.82, 1.23
2	39	1.53	1.07, 2.19	57	1.10	0.82, 1.48
≥3	19	2.03	1.24, 3.33	19	1.07	0.66, 1.72
P for trend		<0.001			0.59
Nottingham Health Profile sleep score (weighted sum score)
10-point increase	344	1.12	1.06, 1.19	487	1.03	0.98, 1.09

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aThe total number of deaths was 360 in men ≤45 years of age and 525 in men >45 years of age, but because of missing values, the numbers for some of the variables do not add up to the overall total.

^bAdjusted for age, socioeconomic status, marital status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, baseline body mass index, night work, and baseline morbidity (hypertension, diabetes, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, asthma, and chronic bronchitis).