Table 1.

Energy Intake, Ratio of Energy Intake to Estimated Energy Requirement, and Prevalences of Low and High Energy Reporting According to Maternal Characteristics in Phase 3 of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study, North Carolina, 2001–2005

Characteristic	No. of Subjects	%	Energy Intake		EI:EER Ratioa			Low Energy Reporting			High Energy Reporting
			Median	IQR	Median	IQR	P Valueb	No.	%	P Valuec	No.	%	P Valuec
Total	988	100.0	2,008	878	0.85	0.87		324	32.8		127	12.9
Age, years
<25	188	19.0	2,164	1,195	0.87	0.48	0.0508	55	29.3	0.1673	42	22.3	0.0001
25−<30	288	29.1	1,985	874	0.84	0.37		107	37.2		25	8.7
30−<35	349	35.3	1,995	868	0.86	0.33		105	30.1		39	11.2
≥35	163	16.5	1,929	800	0.84	0.40		57	35.0		21	12.9
Race/ethnicity
White	750	75.9	1,971	832	0.85	0.36	0.0076	246	32.8	0.7199	81	10.8	<0.0001
Black	155	15.7	2,344	1,431	0.89	0.55		48	31.0		37	23.9
Other	83	8.4	1,915	785	0.80	0.34		30	36.1		9	10.8
Married
No	205	20.7	2,258	1,212	0.91	0.49	0.0013	58	28.3	0.1231	45	22.0	<0.0001
Yes	783	79.3	1,925	844	0.84	0.35		266	34.0		82	10.5
Highest level of education
High school	171	17.3	2,249	1,422	0.88	0.70	0.0157	57	33.3	0.0278	49	28.7	<0.0001
College graduation	469	47.5	1,948	969	0.83	0.39		171	36.5		46	9.8
Graduate school	348	35.2	1,976	716	0.86	0.29		96	27.6		32	9.2
Smoked during pregnancy
No	890	90.1	1,976	859	0.85	0.37	0.8252	293	32.9	0.7965	111	12.5	0.2792
Yes	98	9.9	2,145	971	0.88	0.44		31	31.6		16	16.3
Nulliparous
No	481	48.7	2,018	915	0.84	0.40	0.7471	164	34.1	0.3958	70	14.6	0.1202
Yes	507	51.3	1,999	828	0.86	0.35		160	31.6		57	11.2
Pregnancy body mass indexd
<19.8	134	13.6	1,970	952	0.97	0.54	<0.0001	14	10.4	<0.0001	37	27.6	<0.0001
19.8–26.0	526	53.2	1,997	779	0.86	0.35		155	29.5		52	9.9
>26.0–29.0	111	11.2	2,053	837	0.82	0.37		47	42.3		17	15.3
>29.0	217	22.0	2,053	1,098	0.76	0.41		108	49.8		21	9.7
Gestational weight gain, poundse/week
<0.87	249	25.2	1,929	930	0.80	0.38	0.0252	100	40.2	0.0091	28	11.2	0.6341
0.87–1.15	241	24.4	1,940	850	0.85	0.38		84	34.9		36	14.9
>1.15–1.45	234	23.7	2,018	850	0.88	0.39		66	28.2		28	12.0
>1.45	264	26.7	2,081	858	0.87	0.36		74	28.0		35	13.3
Adequacy of gestational weight gain
Inadequate	207	21.0	1,885	856	0.82	0.35	0.0611	75	36.2	0.1240	20	9.7	0.0093
Adequate	186	18.8	1,978	895	0.88	0.46		50	26.9		36	19.4
Excessive	595	60.2	2,034	889	0.86	0.36		199	33.4		71	11.9
Met physical activity guidelines
No	810	82.0	2,042	886	0.87	0.38	<0.0001	245	30.2	0.0003	111	13.7	0.0888
Yes	178	18.0	1,842	751	0.76	0.34		79	44.4		16	9.0
Restrained eating behavior
No	430	43.5	1,976	877	0.87	0.40	0.0007	120	27.9	0.0041	66	15.3	0.0397
Yes	558	56.5	2,015	881	0.83	0.37		204	36.6		61	10.9
High depressive symptoms
No	743	75.2	1,969	841	0.85	0.36	0.0984	243	32.7	0.9180	79	10.6	0.0003
Yes	245	24.8	2,125	981	0.86	0.43		81	33.1		48	19.6

Abbreviations: EER, estimated energy requirements; EI, energy intake; IQR, interquartile range.

^aStatistical testing for the EI:EER ratio was conducted after log transformation.

^bP value for difference in EI:EER, by maternal characteristic, from analysis-of-variance F test or independent-samples t test.

^cP value for independence between low energy reporting status (or high energy reporting status) and the maternal characteristic from Pearson's χ² test.

^dWeight (kg)/height (m)².

^e1 pound = 0.45 kg.