Table 2.
Delay task subtypes, with frequency and convergence with other types of self-control measures
| Task | Example | General Description | Delay Tasks | Exec Function | Questionnaire Measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self | Informant | |||||
| Hypothetical Delay |
Kirby Delay Discounting Questionnaire (Kirby et al., 1999) |
The subject makes hypothetical choices, each of which includes a smaller, more immediate reward and a larger, delayed reward. |
r = .20 [.07, .33] k = 3, j = 3 N = 226 |
r = .07 [.00, .13] k = 10, j =18 N = 481 |
r = .16 [.13, .20] k = 15, j =22 N = 1,774 |
r = .27 [.20, .35] k = 2, j =4 N = 304 |
| Repeated Trials Delay |
Newman Task (Newman, et al., 1992) Single Key Impulsivity Paradigm (Dougherty, et al., 2005) |
The subject plays a game where one type of response is immediately rewarded and another mutually exclusive type of response yields a delayed, but larger reward. |
r = .20 [−.03, .41] k = 2, j =2 N = 76 |
r = .14 [.09, .18] k = 4, j =15 N = 546 |
r = .10 [.02, .18] k = 4, j =6 N = 534 |
r = .24 [.18, .30] k = 2, j =4 N = 581 |
| Sustained Delay |
Snack Delay Task (Kochanska, et al., 1996) |
The subject must wait for the larger reward, while the smaller, immediate reward remains accessible. |
--- | r = .13 [.04, .21] k = 4, j =7 N = 310 |
r = .39 [.09, .62] k = 1, j =1 N = 41 |
r = .11 [−.01, .23] k = 4, j =6 N = 193 |
| Real Choice Delay |
Choice Delay Task (Kendall & Wilcox, 1979) |
The subject chooses between a smaller, immediate reward or a larger, delayed reward. |
r = .23 [.08, .37] k = 1, j =1 N = 164 |
r = .07 [−.06, .20] k = 2, j =3 N = 165 |
r = .08 [−.02, .19] k = 2, j =3 N = 196 |
r = .12 [.02, .21] k = 2, j =3 N = 274 |
Note. For delay measures that offered hypothetical choices as well as choices between physical rewards, we coded them according to the category under which the majority of the choices fell. For example, if a task presented 10 different hypothetical delay questions, and the subject was aware that they would receive only 1 of their choices, the measure was coded as hypothetical delay. r = average correlation coefficient, based on a fixed effects model (weighted by the inverse variance); 95% confidence interval is given in brackets [ ]; k = number of samples included in average correlation; j = number of effect sizes included in average correlation; N = number of participants included in average correlation.