Figure 1.

Hypotheses concerning the relationship between reading and spelling. (A) Shared components architecture in which reading and spelling share all orthographic processes and representations. Shaded boxes represent orthographic components, and white boxes represent components shared by written and spoken language systems. Solid arrows indicate access for reading, and dashed arrows show access for spelling. (B) Independent components architecture in which reading and spelling share only nonorthographic components that are also shared with the spoken language system. Solid box outlines represent components used in reading, and dashed box outlines represent components used in spelling.

Ortho = orthography; Phono = phonology (figures adapted from Hillis & Rapp, 2004).