Table 3.
Model Estimates of Age Patterns, Sex Differences, and Age Changes in Sex Differences in Summary Indices of Physiological Dysregulation in NHANES (1988–2006)
| Variables | Inflammation Index (N = 6,864) |
MetS (N = 15143) |
AL (N = 11,600) |
|||||||||
| Model 1a |
Model 1b |
Model 2a |
Model 2b |
Model 3a |
Model 3b | |||||||
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | 2.56 (1.78–3.68) | <.001 | 2.34 (1.32–4.16) | .004 | 3.90 (3.15–4.84) | <.001 | 4.40 (3.33–5.80) | <.001 | 1.65 (1.56–1.74) | <.001 | 1.61 (1.50–1.71) | <.001 |
| Age2 | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | <.001 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | .005 | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | <.001 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | <.001 |
| Sex (male = 1) | 0.24 (0.15–0.38) | <.001 | 0.26 (0.12–0.58) | .001 | 4.38 (2.91–6.59) | <.001 | 9.37 (5.56–15.80) | <.001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | .023 |
| Sex × Age | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | .001 | 1.13 (1.01–1.28) | .041 | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | <.001 | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | .225 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | .156 |
| NHANES (IV = 1) | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | .001 | 0.71 (0.61–0.84) | <.001 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | .722 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | .891 | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) | <.001 |
| Model fit: BIC | 33,080.98 | 16,069.39 | 16,948.88 | 13,150.63 | 56,057.36 | 45,065.12 | ||||||
Notes: AL = allostatic load; BIC = Bayes Information Criterion; CI = confidence interval; MetS = metabolic syndrome; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Note 1: All statistical tests are two sided. An α level of .01 is used for each model to adjust for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method.
Note 2: Models 1b, 2b, and 3b all control for race, education, family income, marital status, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and chronic conditions. Model 1b also controls for obesity, MetS, Sex × Smoking, Age × Smoking, Sex × Obesity, Age × Obesity. Model 2b also controls for obesity, C-reactive protein, albumin, hypertension medication, cholesterol medication, Sex × Smoking, Age × Smoking. Model 3b also controls for hypertension medication and cholesterol medication. Female hormone use is included in sex-stratified analysis for women only but is not significantly associated with any outcome when other factors are controlled. Interactions of covariates with sex and age were tested but included only when statistically significant.