Mean pairwise distances within and between Africans and European Americans based on the two first principal components. Standard errors are estimated using bootstrap. The light colors are standard errors based on a gene-wise bootstrap and the dark colors are the standard bootstrap where the SNPs are sampled independently. Ascertainment, using an increasing number of individuals, was simulated using the Asian, the Hispanic, and the African-American population, respectively, from the NIEHS resequencing data. There are 5,948 SNPs without missing data in any population.