Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Variable | All participants (N = 404), M (SD) or N (%) | Nonsmokers (n = 136), M (SD) or n (%) | Current smokers (n = 268), M (SD) or n (%) | p Value |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (%) | ||||
| ≤23 years | 136 (33.7) | 46 (33.8) | 90 (33.6) | .79 |
| 24–30 years | 132 (32.7) | 47 (34.6) | 85 (33.6) | |
| ≥31 years | 136 (33.7) | 43 (31.6) | 93 (34.7) | |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||
| Han | 386 (96.0) | 133 (97.8) | 253 (95.1) | .19 |
| Other ethnicities | 16 (4.0) | 3 (2.2) | 13 (4.9) | |
| Hu-kuo (%) | ||||
| Shanghai | 82 (20.3) | 31 (22.8) | 51 (19.0) | .37 |
| Other | 322 (79.7) | 105 (77) | 217 (81.0) | |
| Education (%) | ||||
| < High school | 148 (36.8) | 43 (31.6) | 105 (39.5) | <.001 |
| High school or equal | 161 (40.0) | 45 (33.1) | 116 (43.6) | |
| > High school | 93 (23.1) | 48 (35.3) | 45 (16.9) | |
| Income (%) | ||||
| <1,000 | 25 (6.2) | 14 (10.3) | 11 (4.1) | .07 |
| 1,000–2,999 | 204 (50.6) | 61 (44.9) | 143 (53.6) | |
| 3,000–4,999 | 115 (28.5) | 40 (29.4) | 75 (28.1) | |
| ≥5,000 | 59 (14.6) | 21 (15.4) | 38 (14.2) | |
| Sexual orientation (%) | ||||
| Openly gay/bisexual | 49 (12.1) | 19 (14.0) | 30 (11.2) | .51 |
| Closeted gay/bisexual | 321 (79.5) | 108 (79.4) | 213 (79.5) | |
| Other | 34 (8.4) | 9 (6.6) | 25 (9.3) | |
| Participant type (%) | ||||
| Sex worker | 200 (49.5) | 60 (44.1) | 140 (52.2) | .12 |
| General MSM | 204 (50.5) | 76 (55.9) | 128 (47.8) | |
| Marital status (%) | ||||
| Married | 60 (15.0) | 24 (17.9) | 36 (13.5) | .24 |
| Other | 341 (85.0) | 110 (82.1) | 231 (86.5) | |
| Alcohol and drug use (%) | ||||
| Alcohol use/day in past 3 months | ||||
| No use | 82 (20.3) | 43 (31.6) | 39 (14.6) | <.001 |
| Moderate (1–2 drinks/day) | 279 (69.1) | 84 (61.8) | 195 (72.8) | |
| Heavy (>2 drinks/day) | 43 (10.6) | 9 (6.6) | 34 (12.7) | |
| Drug use in the past 3 months | ||||
| No | 365 (90.3) | 129 (94.9) | 236 (88.1) | .03 |
| Yes | 39 (9.7) | 7 (5.1) | 32 (11.9) | |
| Psychosocial factors (SD) | ||||
| CES-D | 10.5 (6.5) | 9.5 (6.4) | 11.1 (6.6) | .02 |
| Social provisions | 68.5 (6.9) | 69.7 (6.5) | 67.9 (7.1) | .01 |
| LGBIS | 4.0 (0.73) | 3.8 (0.74) | 4.1 (0.71) | .004 |
Note. CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; LGBIS = Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale; MSM = men who have sex with men.