. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Mar;11(3):379–394. doi: 10.1586/ern.11.19

Table 3.

Vestibular nuclear monoaminergic terminal regions in relation to association between space and motion discomfort, anxiety and balance function.

Anatomical region	NE from LC	Large-caliber DRN (5-HT only via MLF)	Small-caliber DRN (5-HT and non-5-HT) via ventricular plexus	Influences on CNS (including VOR and postural control)
Deiters/dorsal LVN (LVST origin)	Heavy	Dense	Sparse	Postural sway
SVN-PBN path origin	Intermediate- to-heavy	Dense	Sparse	Interoceptive and autonomic
Nodulus terminal region in MVN and SVN	Intermediate	Sparse	Heavy medially, lighter laterally	VOR time constant
Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi	Intermediate- to-heavy	Sparse	Heavy medially, lighter laterally	VOR time constant
Flocculus terminal region in MVN and ventral LVN	Low-to-intermediate	Dense	MVN only	HVOR gain
Caudal MVN-PBN path origin	Minimal-to-low	Dense	Light	Interoceptive and autonomic
IVN-PBN path origin	Minimal-to-low	Sparse	Sparse	Interoceptive and autonomic

The NE data are from monkeys [111], but the 5-HT data are from rats [97,100] because primate data are unavailable.

5-HT: Serotonin; DRN: Dorsal raphe nucleus; HVOR: Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex; IVN: Inferior vestibular nucleus; LC: Locus coeruleus; LVN: Lateral vestibular nucleus; LVST: Lateral vestibulospinal tract; MLF: Medial longitudinal fasiculus; MVN: Medial vestibular nucleus; NE: Norepinephrine; PBN: Parabrachial nucleus; SVN: Superior vestibular nucleus; VOR: Vestibulo-ocular reflex.