Table 6.

Dose-response relationships between SHS exposure and dental caries.

Study	Age	SHS a/Dental caries b	Level of exposure/Effect size
			1	2	3	4
Hanioka,	3	PS	None	Father only	Both parents
2008 [21]		dmft	1.00 c	1.52 (1.01, 2.30) c	2.25 (1.51, 3.37) c
Aida,	3	PS	None	Either parent	Both parents
2008 [22]		dmft	1.00 c	1.40 (1.15, 1.71) c, d	2.14 (1.59, 2.87) c, d
Tanaka,	3	MS	None	0.1–17.9 e	18.0– e
2009 [24]		dmft	1.00 f	1.16 (0.93, 1.44) f	1.33 (1.09, 1.63) f
Aligne,	4–11	SCL	<0.05 g	0.05–<0.2 g	0.2–1.0 g	>1.0 g
2003 [15]		ds	1.0 c	1.3 (0.8, 2.3) c	2.2 (1.3, 3.6) c	2.3 (1.4, 3.9) c
		fs	1.0 c	1.1 (0.7, 1.8) c	1.6 (1.0, 2.4) c	1.5 (1.0, 2.3) c
Tanaka,	6–15	HS	None	0.1–2.9 h	3.0–6.9 h	≥7.0 h
2010 [26]		dft	1.00 e	1.04 (1.00, 1.09) f	1.12 (1.07, 1.17) f	1.11 (1.06, 1.16) f
		DFT	1.00 e	1.12 (1.06, 1.20) e	1.18 (1.12, 1.26) e	1.17 (1.11, 1.24) e

^adefinition of SHS: PS, parental smoking; MS, maternal smoking; SCL, serum cotinine level; HS, household smoking;

^bdefinition of dental caries;

^codds ratio;

^dcalculated by reviewer based on data in the table in the original literature;

^epack-months;

^fprevalence ratio;

^gng/mL;

^hpack-years.