Table 2.
Summary of the children’s urinary biomarker collection methods.
| Study | N | Age Range | Sample Collection | Collection Strategy | Pesticide Application | Collection Frequency | Analytes of Interest | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHEXAS-AZ (subset) | 21 | 5 to 12 years | December 1995 to March 1997 | Morning void | No | Once (in 3-day monitoring period) | AM, MDA, 1-Nap, TCPy | [45] |
| MNCPES | 102 | 3 to 13 years | Summer 1997 | Morning void | No | Days 3, 5, and 7 of sampling period | AM, MDA, 1-Nap, TCPy | [46] |
| CTEPP-NC | 130 | 2 to 5 years | July 2000 to March 2001 | Morning void, after lunch, after dinner/before bedtime | No | Over a 48-h period | 2,4-D, TCPy, PCP | [47,48] |
| CTEPP-OH | 127 | 2 to 5 years | April 2001 to November 2001 | Morning void, after lunch, after dinner/before bedtime | No | Over a 48-h period | 2,4-D, TCPy, 3-PBA, PCP, IMP | [48–50] |
| CHAM-QEA | 20 | 6 to 24 months | June to October 2002 | One overnight and one spot sample | No, but incidental exposure from proximity to farms | Once | DAPs | [51] |
| JAX | 9 | 4 to 6 years | August to October 2001 | Morning void | Yes, indoor as applied by residents | Once | TCPy, IMP, 3-PBA | [52] |
| CPPAES | 10 | 2 to 4 years | April 1999 to March 2001 | Morning void | Yes, indoor professional-applied ‘crack & crevice’ | Pre-application and days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 post-application | TCPy | [53] |
| PET | 6 | 5 to 12 years | Spring 2001 | Morning void | Yes, outdoor resident-applied turf treatment | Pre-application and days 1, 2, 4, and 8 post-application | IMP | [54] |
| DIYC | 3 | 1 to 3 years | November 1999 to January 2000 | Morning void and other spot samples | Yes, indoor, 2 professional ‘crack & crevice’ and 1 resident treatment | Days 3, 5, and 7 post-application | IMP | [55] |
1-Nap, 1-Naphthol; 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 3-PBA, 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid; AM, Atrazine Mercapturate; DAPs, Dialkyl phosphate metabolites; IMP, 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol; MDA, Malathion Dicarboxylic Acid; PCP, Pentachlorophenol; TCPy, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol.