Figure 7.

Schematic representation of the origin of eukaryotic cells (A) and dynamic events of bacterial division machineries and mitochondria during endosymbiosis with phagocytosis and vesicle-division machineries (B). A. Origin and evolution of eukaryotic cells with emphasis on mt- and pt-division machineries, including plasma membrane vesicle division, and cytoplasmic vesicle division. Basic eukaryotic cells are composed of double-membrane-bound organelles (cell nucleus, mitochondrion and plastid and single-membrane-bound organelles (ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes (vacuoles), microbodies). With phagocytosis, microbodies, mitochondria, and plastids are generated from Eubacteria. The formation of eukaryotic cell organelles consists of two phases: before and after mitochondria and plastids are generated from phagocytosis. B. Schematic representation of the bacterial division machinery, the vesicle division machinery, the inner membrane mt-division machinery and the outer membrane mt-division machinery. Eubacteria divided using bacterial division proteins. Almost all bacterial proteins were lost during endosymbiosis and FtsZ and ZED remained in inner mt-division machineries in eukaryotes. A is from Ref. 3.