Figure 4.

Valence-specific and valence-nonspecific encoding in the amgydala. (a–f). Normalized and averaged neural responses to reinforcement when it was expected (magenta) and unexpected (cyan) for reward (a,c,e) and air puff (b,d, f). Expectation modulated reinforcement responses for only one valence of reinforcement in some cells (a–d) but modulated reinforcement responses for both valences in many cells (e,f). These responses are consistent with a role of the amygdala in valence-specific processes, as well as valence-nonspecific processes, such as attention, arousal, and motivation. Adapted with permission from Belova et al. (2007, figure 3).