Table 1.
Regulators involved in virulence regulation.
| Gene | Description | Virulence attenuation* | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS | |||
| STM2575 | LysR family regulator | i.g. | Unpubl. |
| STM2912 | LysR family regulator | i.g. | Unpubl. |
| STM0604 (ybdM) | Transcriptional regulator related to SpoOJ | i.g. | Unpubl. |
| hilD | AraC family regulator that controls expression of SPI-1 | l.p. | Lucas and Lee (2001), Schechter and Lee (2001), Teplitski et al. (2003) |
| fis | DNA bending protein required for site specific recombination of the flagellar phase variation protein hin; regulates SPI-1 | l.p. | Wilson et al. (2001) |
| STM3096 (yqgE) | Transcriptional regulator containing a highly conserved domain of unknown function | l.p. | Unpubl. |
| phoP/phoQ | Two-component regulator that responds to low Mg and defensins | i.g.; i.p. | Groisman et al. (1989) |
| ssrA/ssrB | SPI-2 encoded two-component regulator required for systemic infection | i.g.; i.p. | Hensel et al. (1998), Ochman et al. (1996) |
| slyA | Tunes regulation of SPI-2 more precisely than SsrA/SsrB alone; controls regulation of many virulence factors | i.g.; i.p. | Buchmeier et al. (1997) |
| crp | Responds to cAMP levels which are determined in part by external glucose concentration | i.g.; i.p. | Curtiss and Kelly (1987), Teplitski et al. (2006) |
| ompR/envZ | Two-component regulator that responds to osmolarity | i.g.; i.p. | Dorman et al. (1989) |
| fruR | Controls carbon metabolism | i.p. | Chin et al. (1987) |
| ihf | Required for bacteriophage lambda integration; bends DNA and significantly changes transcriptional regulation of many genes | i.g.; i.p. | Mangan et al. (2006) |
| relA/spoT | Required for the bacterial stringent response that results in reduced transcription in the presence of uncharged t-RNA | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Munro et al. (1995), Song et al. (2004) |
| STM1547 | MarR family transcription regulator | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Unpubl. |
| STM3121 | LysR regulator of the adjacent operon (STM3117-3120); regulates additional genes but only observed during intracellular growth | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Shi et al. (2006) |
| rpoE | Sigma factor for envelope-stress | i.g.; i.p. | Crouch et al. (2005), Osborne and Coombes (2009) |
| rpoS | Sigma factor for stationary-phase | i.g.; i.p. | Fang et al. (1996), Kowarz et al. (1994) |
| spvR | Controls expression of effectors encoded on the virulence plasmid; Virulence effect is dependent on strain of mouse | i.g.; i.p. | Krause et al. (1992), Yoon and Gros Heffron (2011) |
| rcsA** | Positive transcriptional regulator of capsular/exo-polysaccharide synthesis | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Virlogeux et al. (1996) |
| hnr (mviA)** | Response regulator with CheY-like receiver domains | i.g.; i.p. | Bearson et al. (1996) |
| fliA** | Sigma factor for flagella synthesis | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Ohnishi et al. (1990) |
| TRANSLATIONAL REGULATORS | |||
| smpB** | Together with tmRNA binds to stalled bacterial ribosome permitting trans-translation and addition of a short coding sequence encoded by tmRNA; affects translation of approximately 14% of total Salmonella messages | i.p. | Ansong et al. (2009), Chin et al. (1987) |
| csrA | Global carbon metabolism regulator that controls glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by binding a specific RNA motif to block translation | i.p. | Lawhon et al. (2003), Teplitski et al. (2006) |
| hfq | Host factor for Qβ replication; a factor that controls translation of many mRNA in bacteria | i.g.; i.p. | Ansong et al. (2009), Figueroa-Bossi et al. (2006), Sittka et al. (2009) |
| rseA | Anti-sigma E factor post-translational control of rpoE | i.p.; ND in i.g./l.p. | Alba and Gross (2004) |
*Virulence attenuation was examined in a mouse model by intragastric (i.g.) infection, intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection, and long-term persistence (l.p.) test. ND means “not determined yet.”
**Strains with 10–100 × LD50, indicating modest virulence attenuation compared to others.
Strains in bold were analyzed by global transcriptomic profiling (Yoon et al., 2009).