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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2011 Apr;10(4):499–511. doi: 10.1586/erv.10.174

Figure 2. Mechanism by which CpG oligodeoxynucleotides facilitate innate and adaptive immune responses.

Figure 2

CpG ODNs directly activate pDCs and B cells. The resultant immune response is characterized by the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines and polyreactive immunoglobulin. This innate immune response forms a foundation on which antigen-specific adaptive immunity is based. By improving the function of professional APCs, CpG ODNs facilitate the generation of humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses against coadministered vaccine antigens.

APC: Antigen-presenting cell; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; ODN: Oligodeoxynucleotide; pDC: Plasmacytoid dendritic cell; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.