Table 2.
Effects of Parental Monitoring on Substance Use, Norms, and Attitudes
| Wave 2 Outcomes
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Amount 1 | Cigarette Amount 2 | Marijuana Amount 3 | Use Intentions 4 | Personal Norms 5 | Parental Norms 6 | Drug Expectancies 7 | Drug Offer Vulnerability 8 | |
| Wave 1 Parental Monitoring | −0.067* (−2.388) | −0.039* (−2.045) | −0.031 (−1.820) | −0.082*** (−5.257) | −0.069*** (−5.023) | −0.089*** (−3.744) | −0.075*** (−3.927) | −0.081* (−2.477) |
| Outcome Variable at Wave 1 | 0.338*** (12.844) | 0.306*** (11.505) | 0.372*** (15.992) | 0.276*** (10.619) | 0.195*** (8.291) | 0.157*** (6.117) | 0.204*** (8.979) | 0.197*** (8.455) |
| Age at Wave 1 | 0.035 (1.112) | 0.032 (1.415) | 0.009 (0.398) | 0.049* (2.543) | 0.022 (1.237) | 0.031 (1.121) | 0.041 (1.520) | 0.126* (2.542) |
| Female | −0.053 (−1.488) | −0.017 (−0.648) | 0.005 (0.225) | −0.079*** (−3.400) | −0.076*** (−3.754) | −0.069* (−2.214) | −0.119*** (−3.983) | −0.022 (−0.419) |
| Free or Reduced Lunch | −0.063 (−1.019) | −0.065 (−1.469) | −0.020 (−0.481) | 0.021 (0.509) | −0.015 (−0.409) | −0.033 (−0.593) | 0.045 (0.842) | 0.067 (0.686) |
| Usual Grades | −0.017 (−1.673) | −0.017* (−2.146) | −0.006 (−0.841) | −0.026*** (−4.266) | −0.016** (−2.619) | −0.045*** (−4.759) | −0.021* (−2.567) | −0.052*** (−3.422) |
| Two Parent Family | −0.058 (−1.496) | −0.055 (−1.886) | −0.026 (−0.996) | −0.012 (−0.452) | −0.040 (−1.861) | −0.073* (−2.081) | −0.009 (−0.256) | −0.023 (−0.374) |
| Latino † | 0.153 (1.853) | 0.080 (1.374) | 0.007 (0.120) | 0.036 (0.706) | 0.061 (1.276) | 0.015 (0.209) | −0.058 (−0.821) | −0.082 (−0.644) |
| Black † | 0.151 (1.504) | 0.079 (1.100) | 0.056 (0.831) | 0.009 (0.145) | 0.072 (1.230) | −0.018 (−0.209) | −0.052 (−0.610) | −0.059 (−0.382) |
| Other Race/Ethnicity † | 0.118 (1.117) | 0.059 (0.806) | 0.076 (1.126) | 0.053 (0.854) | 0.051 (0.868) | 0.089 (0.979) | −0.013 (−0.146) | −0.097 (−0.613) |
| In Prevention Program | 0.012 (0.319) | −0.023 (−0.830) | 0.029 (1.000) | −0.002 (−0.063) | 0.019 (0.716) | 0.063 (1.949) | −0.008 (−0.197) | −0.063 (−0.907) |
| Intercept | 0.827* (2.267) | 0.752** (2.840) | 0.761** (3.076) | 0.876*** (3.914) | 1.074*** (4.933) | 1.449*** (4.577) | 1.241*** (4.071) | 0.884 (1.588) |
| R-Square | .12 | .09 | .13 | .15 | .10 | .09 | .08 | .07 |
| N | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 | 2034 |
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001, two-tailed tests
†
Reference is White