Table 1.
Association of coffee intake with baseline variables
| Variables | Coffee consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-drinkers | > 0 to <1 cups/day | ≥ 1 to <3 cups/day | ≥ 3 cups/day | P for trend* | |
| Number in study | 133 (15.0) | 253 (28.6) | 367 (41.5) | 132 (14.9) | |
| Coffee intake (cups/day), Median (IQR) | 0 | 0.16 (0.03–0.5) | 2 (1–2) | 3.5 (3.5–3.5) | |
| Age, years, Median (IQR) | 48 (45–53) | 49 (46–55) | 49 (46–54) | 49 (46–53) | 0.47 |
| Gender, female, No. (%) | 38 (28.6) | 74 (29.3) | 102 (27.8) | 30 (22.7) | 0.22 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Caucasian, No. (%) | 96 (72.2) | 163 (64.4) | 296 (80.7) | 119 (90.2) | <0.0001 |
| African American, No. (%) | 24 (18.1) | 53 (21.0) | 35 (9.5) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Hispanic, No. (%) | 7 (5.3) | 32 (12.7) | 28 (7.6) | 7 (5.3) | |
| Other, No. (%) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (2.0) | 8 (2.2) | 4 (3.0) | |
| Current alcohol drinker,† No. (%) | 19 (14.4) | 38 (15.0) | 82 (22.5) | 28 (21.2) | <0.0001 |
| Pack years of cigarettes, Median (IQR) | 2.7 (0–14.0) | 3.0 (0–14.5) | 10.5 (1.2–25.0) | 20.8 (4.3–34.8) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline Homa2 score,† Median (IQR) | 4.7 (3.0–8.5) | 4.2 (2.8–6.6) | 4.0 (2.7–6.4) | 3.7 (2.2–5.6) | 0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL),† Median (IQR) | 162 (143–185) | 169 (146–190) | 174 (158–196) | 176 (152–202) | <0.0001 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dL),† Median (IQR) | 40 (32–49) | 43 (35–52) | 41 (34–51) | 37 (32–46) | 0.14 |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL), Median (IQR) | 118 (76–182) | 102 (78–138) | 109 (75–166) | 108 (79–161) | 0.62 |
| General Health SF-36 score, Median (IQR) | 62 (40–77) | 62 (47–77) | 62 (42–77) | 57 (40–77) | 0.23 |
| Physical Function SF-36 score,† Median (IQR) | 85 (60–100) | 90 (65–100) | 85 (60–100) | 85 (55–95) | 0.58 |
| Vitality SF-36 score, Median (IQR) | 60 (40–80) | 60 (40–75) | 55 (35–75) | 50 (30–70) | 0.002 |
| Cirrhosis on biopsy, No. (%) | 52 (39.1) | 109 (43.1) | 123 (33.5) | 39 (29.6) | 0.004 |
| HCV genotype 1, No. (%) | 121 (91.0) | 227 (89.7) | 333 (90.7) | 108 (81.8) | 0.05 |
| AST/ALT | 0.82 (0.66–1.04) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.75 (0.63–0.93) | 0.70 (0.61–0.86) | <0.0001 |
| Previous use of ribavirin, yes, No. (%) | 91 (68.4) | 181 (71.5) | 256 (69.8) | 92 (69.7) | 0.86 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 15.1 (13.8–15.9) | 15.1 (14.0–15.8) | 15.2 (14.2–16.3) | 15.4 (14.4–16.3) | 0.004 |
| Platelets, × 1000/mm3, median (IQR) | 159 (115–208) | 154 (115–205) | 168 (127–211) | 170 (133–216.5) | 0.01 |
| Neutrophils × 1000/mm3, median (IQR) | 2.9 (2.1–3.6) | 2.7 (2.2–3.5) | 3.1 (2.4–3.9) | 3.4 (2.7–4.5) | <0.0001 |
| Peginterferon alfa-2a dose (% maximum) | |||||
| ≥ 98%–100%, No. (%) | 67 (50.4) | 106 (41.9) | 201 (54.8) | 80 (60.6) | 0.0015 |
| ≥ 80%–<98%, No. (%) | 24 (18.1) | 64 (25.3) | 72 (19.6) | 24 (18.2) | |
| ≥ 60%–<80%, No. (%) | 23 (17.3) | 37 (14.6) | 41 (11.2) | 14 (10.6) | |
| <60%, No. (%) | 19 (14.3) | 46 (18.2) | 53 (14.4) | 14 (10.6) | |
| Ribavirin dose (% maximum) | |||||
| ≥ 98%–100%, No. (%) | 67 (50.4) | 113 (44.7) | 182 (49.6) | 63 (47.7) | 0.50 |
| ≥ 80%–<98%, No. (%) | 23 (17.3) | 62 (24.5) | 77 (21.0) | 27 (20.5) | |
| ≥ 60%–<80%, No. (%) | 16 (12.0) | 38 (15.0) | 64 (17.4) | 21 (15.9) | |
| <60%, No. (%) | 27 (20.3) | 40 (15.8) | 44 (12.0) | 21 (15.9) | |
| rs12979860 genotype (IL28B):† | |||||
| TT, No. (%) | 29 (24.0) | 55 (24.6) | 59 (17.9) | 14 (12.0) | 0.0007 |
| CT, No. (%) | 69 (57.0) | 115 (51.3) | 184 (55.8) | 64 (54.7) | |
| CC, No. (%) | 23 (19.0) | 54 (24.1) | 87 (26.4) | 39 (33.3) | |
| rs8099917 genotype (IL28B):† | |||||
| TT, No. (%) | 57 (46.7) | 117 (52.2) | 166 (50.2) | 68 (58.1) | 0.078 |
| GT, No. (%) | 53 (43.4) | 90 (40.2) | 145 (43.8) | 45 (38.5) | |
| GG, No. (%) | 12 (9.8) | 17 (7.6) | 20 (6.0) | 4 (3.4) |
Abbreviations: No: Number; IQR: Interquartile range; Short form-36 (SF-36);
*
Mantel-Haenszel test for trend for categorical variables. Jonckheere-Terpstra test for trend for continuous variables. Chi-square test for race/ethnicity.
†
Data not available for all participants: Alcohol drinking available for 881 patients; Serum total cholesterol for 847; Serum HDL cholesterol for 845; HOMA2 score for 857; Physical Function SF-36 score for 884 patients; rs12979860 genotype for 792 patients; rs8099917 genotype for 794 patients.