Table 1.

Inflammasome-mediated pathogen recognition and response.

Organism	PRR	PAMP(s), Activator(s)	Other coactivators	Inflammasome in vitro function	Inflammasome in vivo function	Inflammasome Inhibitors	References
BACTERIA
S. enterica	NLRC4	Flagellin, PrgJ, SopE	K + efflux?	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, pyroptosis	Host survival, bacterial clearance		(Mariathasan et al., (2004; 2006); Franchi et al., (2006); Lara-Tejero et al., (2006); Mariathasan et al., 2006, Miao et al., (2006, 2010a, b); Raupach et al., (2006); Sun et al., (2007); Muller et al., (2009); Arlehamn et al. (2010); Broz et al., (2010); Miao et al., 2010a, Miao et al., 2010b, Arlehamn et al., 2010)
	NLRP3	?		IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing	Host survival, bacterial clearance
L. pneumophila	NLRC4	Flagellin	Naip5	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, pyroptosis, bacterial clearance, reduced ER recruitment to LCV	Bacterial clearance		(Diez et al., (2003); Wright et al., (2003); Amer et al., (2006); Molofsky et al., (2006); Ren et al., (2006); Zamboni et al., (2006); Coers et al., (2007); Fortier et al., (2007); Lamkanfi et al., (2007); Lightfield et al., (2008); Vinzing et al., (2008); Case et al., (2009); Fortier et al., (2009); Silveira and Zamboni et al., (2010))
M. tuberculosis	NLRP3	ESAT-6, Ag85	K + efflux	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, prevent phagosome maturation arrest, bacterial clearance	ASC- dependent granuloma formation?	zmp1	(Koo et al., (2008); Master et al., (2008); Kurenuma et al., (2009); Carlsson et al., (2010); Mayer-Barber et al., (2010); McElvania Tekippe et al., (2010); Mishra et al., (2010); Walter et al., (2010))
L. monocytogenes	NLRC4	Flagellin	LLO	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, pyroptosis, bacterial clearance	Host survival		(Tsuji et al., (2004); Hara et al., (2008); Warren et al., (2008); Kim et al., (2010); Meixenberger et al., (2010); Rathinam et al., (2010); Sauer et al., (2010); Tsuchiya et al., (2010); Wu et al., (2010))
	NLRP3	LLO	cathepsin B?
	AIM2	DNA	Type I IFN
F. tularensis	AIM2	DNA	Lysosomal activation, Type I IFN	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, pyroptosis,	Host survival, bacterial clearance,	mvIN	(Gavrilin et al., (2006); Henry et al., (2007); Fernandes-Alnemri et al., (2010); Jones et al., (2010); Rathinam et al., (2010); Ulland et al., (2010))
B. anthracis	NLRP1	Lethal Toxin, muramyl-dipeptide	NOD2? Endosome acidification, proteasome activity, K + efflux	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, pyroptosis	Host survival		(Boyden and Dietrich et al., (2006); Squires et al., (2007); Fink et al., (2008); Hsu et al., (2008); Wickliffe et al., (2008); Newman et al., (2010); Terra et al., (2010))
Fungi
C. albicans	NLRP3		SYK, K + efflux, ROS, cathepsin B?	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing, B cell activation	Host survival, fungal clearance,		(Gross et al., (2009); Hise et al., (2009); Joly et al., (2009); Kumar et al., (2009), van de Veerdonk et al., (2009))
Plasmodium	NLRP3	Hemozoin?	SYK/LYN, cathepsin B?	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing	Reduced host survival?		(Dostert et al., (2009); Griffith et al., (2009); Shio et al., (2009); Labbe et al., (2010); Reimer et al., (2010))
Viruses
Influenza	NLRP3	M2 ion channel, ssRNA	K + efflux, cathepsin B, ROS	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing	IL-1β secretion, Host survival, pulmonary healing?	NS1	(Schmitz et al., (2005); Stasakova et al., (2005); Allen et al., (2009); Ichinohe et al., (2009, 2010); Thomas et al., (2009); Ichinohe et al., 2010)
Vesicular stomatitis virus	RIG-I	5′ triphosphate on RNA	K + efflux	IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing			(Poeck et al., (2010))
mCMV	AIM2	DNA		IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing	Reduced splenic viral titre, Increased IFN-γ NK cells		(Rathinam et al., (2010))
Vaccinia virus	AIM2	DNA		IL-1β secretion, caspase-1 processing			(Hornung et al., (2009); Rathinam et al., (2010); Fernandes-Alnemri et al., (2009))