Table 1.
Concentration of compounds and their potential microbial source in blood of FMF and PU patients and healthy controls.
| Substance | Potential microbial sourcea | Healthy controls | FMF remission | FMF attack | PU patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS (FA) | |||||
| 2-Hydroxy lauric (2hC12:0)b | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter | 0.90c (0.70–1.10) | 2.4 (1.5–3.9)*,# | 1.35 (0.75–1.75)*,†,# | 2.35 (1.55–2.50)* |
| 3-Hydroxy lauric (3hC12:0) | Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter | 2.70 (2.00–3.65) | 4.5 (4.0–5.9)*,# | 2.15 (1.18–3.35)†,# | 5.30 (3.44–6.03)* |
| 3-Hydroxy stearic (3hC18:0) | Helicobacter pylori | 11.3 (9.2–16.0) | 40.9 (19.7– 50.4)*,# | 12.0 (9.88–36.4)†,# | 39.35 (34.4–44.1)* |
| 10-Hydroxy stearic (10hC18:0) | Clostridium perfringens | 27.4 (16.7–36.45) | 61.8 (43.9–71.6)*,# | 30.1 (21.7–46.2)†,# | 65.2 (50.3–73.73)* |
| BRANCHED FA | |||||
| Iso-myristic (iC14:0) | Peptostreptococcus, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Bacteroides | 69.8 (50.7–108.8) | 70.6 (54.9–100.5)† | 53 (39.9–85.3)† | 139 (99–204)* |
| Iso-pentadecanoic (iC15:0) | Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus | 366.4 (292–621) | 429 (237–480)† | 286 (221–511)† | 783 (442–1023)* |
| Iso-palmitic (iC16:0) | Streptomyces, Bacteroides, Micromonospora | 1193 (862–1563) | 1330 (804–1457)† | 1052 (796–1343)† | 1863 (1470–2309)* |
| Iso-heptadecanoic (iC17:0) | Bacillus, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus | 2794 (1824–3921) | 2902 (2655–3749)† | 2567 (1902–3636)† | 4275 (3470–5868)* |
| Iso-stearic (iC18:0) | Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium difficile, Bifidobacterium | 26.7 (16.75–36.5) | 69.4 (45.7–112.9)* | 43.2 (25.3–121.8)*,† | 100.9 (90.15–130.4)* |
| Anteiso-pentadecanoic (aC15:0) | Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium | 377 (316–607) | 411 (336–628)† | 319 (270–563)† | 858 (487–1228)* |
| Anteiso-heptadecanoic (aC17:0) | Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Micromonospora, Staphylococcus | 1601 (1215–2232) | 1879 (1332–2131)† | 1542 (1052–2108)† | 2943 (2517–3955)* |
| Anteiso-nonadecanoic (aC19:0) | Staphylococcus | 179 (136–213) | 205 (174–212)† | 176 (143–216)† | 123.5 (97.9–137.5)* |
| CYCLOPROPYL FA | |||||
| Cyclopropyl heptadecanoic (C17cyc) | Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes | 1.60 (1.05–2.25) | 5.0 (4.2–5.9)*,† | 2.50 (1.73–5.80)*,† | 10.35 (7.88–23.38)* |
| Cyclopropyl nonadecanoic (C19cyc) | Lactobacillus, Enterococcus | 19.9 (13.05–32.7) | 53.7 (42.3–112.4)*,# | 28.5 (19.6–98.9)*,# | 49.95 (40.53–70.95)* |
| UNSATURATED FA | |||||
| cis-9-tetradecenoic (C14:1d9)§ | Clostridium | 20.00 (7.45–28.75) | 17.6 (8.3–29.6) | 9.20 (6.10–18.55)* | 11.65 (9.23–18.42) |
| cis-11-tetradecenoic (C14:1d11) | Nocardia | 142 (78–364) | 167 (130–200)†,# | 74.7 (50.7–124.5)*,†,# | 297 (206–429) |
| cis-9-pentadecanoic (C15:1d9) | Clostridium propionicum, Bacteroides hypermegas | 8.30 (5.00–15.15) | 8.0 (6.5–23.3)† | 5.60 (4.65–11.93) | 5.1 (3.6–6.4)* |
| cis-7-hexadecenoic (C16:1d7) | Clostridiumramosum, C. innocuum, C. clostridioforme | 1054 (859–1290) | 955 (741–1082) | 835 (617–994)*,† | 964 (868–1227) |
| cis-11-hexadecenoic (C16:1d11) | Ruminococcus, Nocardia, Fusobacterium | 157 (110–236) | 189 (129–200)†,# | 108 (80–156)*,†,# | 238 (189–284)* |
| cis-9-heptadecenoic (C17:1d9) | Candida albicans | 210 (149–301) | 414 (336–691)* | 280 (212–501)†,* | 596 (483–921)* |
| cis-11-octadecenoic (C18:1d11) | Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus | 4594 (2655–5915) | 4372 (3897–5595)† | 4445 (3203–5452)† | 7605 (6798–10102)* |
| cis-9-eicosenoic (C20:1d9) | Propionibacterium jensenii, Actinomyces | 840 (725–954) | 920 (851–1044)*,# | 775 (645–862)†,# | 1072 (866–1243)* |
| cis-11-eicosenoic (C20:1d11)§ | P. jensenii, Actinomyces, Streptococcus | 72.2 (54.6–100.9) | 81.4 (74.4–100.8)†,# | 63.2 (50.5–81.7)# | 57.7 (38.0–77.5) |
| ALDEHYDES | |||||
| Iso-myristic (iC14A) | 92.6 (57.4–131.3) | 69.2 (65.2–77.6)† | 106.3 (78.8–131.3) | 84.6 (78.2–128.0) | |
| Myristic (C14A) | Eubacterium lentum, Bifidobacterium bifidum | 85.3 (61.3–134.0) | 102.0 (66.4–136.0)† | 95.5 (81.6–118.4)† | 173 (136–249)* |
| Anteiso-pentadecanoic (aC15A) | Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus | 119 (75–184) | 102 (83–164) | 105.1 (85.6–152.8) | 89.4 (79.8–120.4) |
| Iso-palmitic (iC16A) | E. lentum | 386 (278–538) | 352 (249–372)# | 462 (339–585)# | 466 (309–568) |
| anteiso-heptadecanoic (aCa17A) | E. lentum, Propionibacterium acnes | 1014 (688–1474) | 788 (724–901)†,# | 1287 (959–1807)# | 1454 (836–1710) |
| Oleic (C18:1d9A) | Eubacterium moniliforme, Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium, B. bifidum, Propionibacterium, Peptostreptococcus | 11518 (9277–13406) | 9110 (7882–9278)†,* | 9502 (8300–11835) | 11267 (9647–14147) |
| cis-vaccenic (C18:1d11A) | E. moniliforme, S. mutans, C. ramosum | 4072 (3260–5252) | 3219 (2101–3631)* | 3217 (2470–4595) | 3190 (2881–4116)* |
| PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS | |||||
| Benzoic acid | 104 (75.3–144.9) | 210 (138–283)* | 185 (93–315)* | 230 (224–276)* | |
| 3-Phenylpropionic acid | 99.2 (49.6–167.0) | 70.4 (44.0–120.7)† | 63.5 (16.7–113.2)* | 24.7 (17.1–41.3)* | |
| Phenylacetic acid | 66.8 (25.4–141.5) | 66.2 (0.0–144.9) | 54.7 (24.8–77.9) | 67.7 (46.2–115.1) | |
| 3-Phenyllactic acid | 54.7 (45.0–81.4) | 47.7 (42.4–57.7)†,# | 77.6 (58.5–115.2)*,# | 65.7 (57.3–75.1) | |
| 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-lactic acid | 303 (222–377) | 261 (206–307) | 300 (232–478) | 302.5 (264–393) | |
aThe majority of bacteria belong to the four phyla found in the human gut (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria).
bCodes of chemical substances are given in parenthesis.
cMedian values (ng/ml) followed by the interquartile range in parenthesis (25th and 75th percentiles).
*p < 0.05 significance compared to healthy controls.
†p < 0.05 significance between FMF and PU patients.
#p < 0.05 significance between FMF stages.
§Fatty acids affected by host metabolism.