Table 4. Summary of the Stages* of Distraction Osteogenesis (DO) and Their Associated Molecular Regulators.
| Signaling Molecules | Latency | Active Distraction | Consolidation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | Late | Early | Late | Early | Late | |
| Cytokines | ||||||
| IL-1 | ↑↑↑ | |||||
| IL-6 | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | |||
| TNF-α | ↑↑↑ | |||||
| RANKL | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ||||
| OPG | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ||||
|
| ||||||
| TGF-β Superfamily | ||||||
| BMP-2 | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | |
| BMP-4 | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | |
| BMP-6 | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑ | |||
| TGF-β | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | |||
| bFGF | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| IGF | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Angiogenic Factors | ||||||
| VEGF A | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| VEGF B | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| VEGF C | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| VEGF D | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| Angiopoietin 1 | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Angiopoietin 2 | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
*
The different stages of DO are denoted in the top cells and subdivided into early and late stages. The number of arrows indicates their intensity of expression. Based on published results (Sato et al., 1999; Choi et al., 2002; Pacicca et al., 2003; Cho et al., 2007).