FIG. 4.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment increases the transfection efficiency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) achieved by the modified reverse transfection (M-RT) protocol. (a) A schematic illustration of the M-RT protocol with addition of 1% or 2% (v/v) DMSO. The scheme uses the same nomenclature used in Fig. 1, and DMSO concentrations are depicted in light brown (1%) and dark brown (2%). Flow cytometry was used to quantify the (b) percentage ± standard deviation (S.D.) (n = 3) of dsRED-expressing cells and (c) their mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) obtained using the M-RT protocol with DMSO at 1% or 2% (v/v). Nontransfected cells served as a control group. An asterisk represents significant differences between groups (P ≤ 0.05).