Longitudinal follow-up during chronic infection and ART. Time interval (A), CD4+ T-cell counts (B), percentages of CD38-expressing memory CD8+ T cells (C), blood CD34+ HPC counts (D), and percentages of naive (CD45RA+ CCR7+ CD27+) CD8+ or CD4+ T cells (E) are shown for 11 HIV-1–infected patients followed longitudinally: between chronic infection (Ch), progression before treatment (Pr), and prolonged ART (Tx). The Wilcoxon test was used for comparing time points. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001.