Table 3.

Seroprevalences of T. gondii infection in women of childbearing age (1990–2000)

Country	Year of samplinga	BOHb	Seroprevalence (%)c	Number of samples tested (n)	Methodd	Reference
Argentina	1992–94	No	59	3049	IFAT	[280]
Australia	1986–89	No	35	10207	DAT	[137]
Austria	1981–91	No	43	167041	SFDT	[196]
	1993–94	No	50	8596	e	[281]
	1994–95	No	37	2413	e	[282]
	1995–96	No	43	18227	e	[281]
	1997	No	42	4601	e	[281]
Bangladesh	1991	Yes	16	302	LAT	[283]
	1994–95	No	11	617	LAT	[284]
	< 1998	No	38	286	ELISA	[285]
Belgium	1979–90	No	56	11286	IFAT	[286]
	1990	No	50	784	MEIA	[287]
Benin	1993	No	54	211	ELISA	[288]
Brazil	1997	No	72	185	ELISA	[289]
Cameroon	1989–90	No	77	192	ELISA	[290]
China	< 1995	No	39	1211	ELISA	[291]
	1996	No	4	557	IHAT	[292]
Colombia	1991–92	No	60	937	IFAT	[67]
Congo	1986–90	No	60	2897	IHAT	[293]
Croatia	1989–93	No	46	2778	ELISA	[294]
Cuba	1990–91	No	71	362	ELISA	[295]
	1990–91	No	71	5537	ELISA	[296]
	< 1993	No	51	3196	–	[297]
Czech Republic	1984–86	No	35	3392	SFDT	[298]
	1984–86	No	25	3392	CFT	[298]
	< 1999	No	29*	191	CFT	[299]
Denmark	1990	No	27	5402	ELISA	[300]
	1992–96	No	28	89873	ELISA	[232]
Egypt	< 1990	Yes	72	200	SFDT	[301]
	< 1990	Yes	59	200	IFAT	[301]
	< 1991	Yes	28	72	IFAT	[302]
	< 1993	Yes	65	100	ELISA	[303]
	< 1995	Yes	42*	62	ELISA	[304]
	< 1990	No	38	100	SFDT	[301]
	< 1990	No	32	100	IFAT	[301]
	< 1991	No	12	34	IFAT	[302]
	< 1992	No	31	70	IFAT	[305]
	< 1993	No	27	600	IHAT	[306]
	< 1993	No	6	100	ELISA	[303]
	1992–93	No	43	150	IHAT	[307]
Ethiopia	< 1994	No	20	94	ELISA	[308]
Finland	1988–89	No	20	16733	e	[309]
France	1993–94	No	58	987	–	[310]
	1995	No	54	13459	–	[65]
Gabon	1995–97	No	71	767	LAT	[311]
Germany	1987–90	No	73	4355	ELISA	[62]
	1989–90	No	42	2104	DAT	[312]
	< 1992	No	39	5670	ISAGA	[313]
Greece	1991–95	No	30	1242	ELISA	[314]
	< 1996	No	37	914	ELISA	[315]
India	1986–91	Yes	8	2075	IFAT	[316]
	1990	Yes	22	100	IHAT	[317]
	< 1997	Yes	8	540	LAT	[318]
Iraq	1994–95	Yes	19	81	IHAT	[319]
	1994–95	No	6	119	IHAT	[319]
Israel	1988–89	No	21	213	IFAT	[320]
Italy	< 1990	No	73	691	DAT	[321]
	1987–91	No	49	19432	ELISA	[322]
	1992–93	No	60	1800	ISAGA	[323]
	1993	No	40	3518	–	[324]
	1993–94	No	18	2295	ELFA	[325]
	1992–97	No	23	9029	ELISA	[326]
Jamaica	1986	No	57	1604	ELISA	[327]
Korea	1990	No	7	618	IFAT	[328]
	1990	No	7	618	ELISA	[328]
	1993–94	No	4	899	ELISA	[329]
	1993–94	No	< 1	899	LAT	[329]
Libya	< 1991	No	47	369	IHAT	[330]
Madagascar	1992	No	84	599	ELISA	[331]
Mexico	< 1995	Yes	35	350	ELISA	[332]
Nepal	1995–96	No	55	345	LAT	[333]
	1995–96	No	55	345	ELISA	[333]
Nigeria	< 1990	No	40	834	DAT	[334]
	< 1990	No	39	834	IFAT	[334]
	< 1992	No	78	352	SFDT	[335]
Norway	1992–93	No	11	35940	ELISA	[336]
Pakistan	< 1996	Yes	17	240	IFAT	[337]
	< 1997	Yes	33	105	ELISA	[338]
Papua New Guinea	1989–90	No	18	197	DAT	[339]
Poland	1991–92	No	59	3734	DAT	[340]
Saudi Arabia	< 1991	Yes	100	219	IHAT	[341]
	< 1991	No	32	921	IHAT	[342]
Senegal	< 1990	No	33	60	LAT	[343]
	1993	No	40	353	ELISA	[344]
	1993	No	40	720	IFAT	[345]
Slovenia	1989–91	No	51	3959	SFDT	[346]
Spain	< 1991	No	39	1221	DAT	[347]
	1991–93	No	13	299	IFAT	[348]
	1991–93	No	30	6454	ELISA	[349]
	1994–95	No	42	109	ELISA	[350]
Sweden	1992–93	No	14	3094	DAT	[351]
Switzerland	1990–91	No	46	9059	ELISA	[352]
Tanzania	1989–91	No	35	549	SFDT	[353]
Thailand	< 1991	No	13	690	LAT	[354]
	1996	No	13	1181	SFDT	[355]
Togo	< 1991	No	75	620	ELISA	[356]
Trinidad	1991–92	No	43	300	ELISA	[357]
Tunisia	1988–91	No	64	3288	IFAT	[358]
	1991–93	No	57	809	IFAT	[359]
	1994–96	No	43	2231	ELISA	[360]
Turkey	< 1993	Yes	47	1160	IFAT	[361]
	< 1993	Yes	47	1146	ELISA	[361]
	< 1995	Yes	77	314	IHAT	[362]
	< 1995	Yes	35	100	IFAT	[363]
	< 1996	Yes	82*	140	ELISA	[364]
	< 1996	Yes	38	954	ELISA	[365]
	< 1997	Yes	63	314	ELISA	[366]
	< 1993	No	27	187	ELISA	[367]
	< 1993	No	19	187	SFDT	[367]
	1991–95	No	55	2287	ELISA	[368]
	1992–95	No	40	996	ELISA	[369]
	< 1995	No	62	100	IFAT	[363]
	< 1995	No	47	152	IHAT	[362]
	< 1995	No	32	150	–	[370]
	1995–96	No	43	258	–	[371]
	< 1996	No	81	72	ELISA	[364]
	< 1996	No	80*	420	ELISA	[372]
	< 1996	No	71*	420	IHAT	[372]
	< 1996	No	34	324	–	[373]
	< 1998	No	61	326	ELISA	[374]
	< 1999	No	85	86	IFAT	[375]
United Arab Emirates	< 1997	No	23	1503	ELISA	[376]
United Kingdom
Sheffield	1989–92	No	10	1621	LAT	[377]
East England	1992	No	8	13000	ELISA	[378]
Wales	< 1992	No	22	192	SFDT	[335]
Venezuela	1976–92	No	54	7696	IHAT	[379]
Yugoslavia	1988–91	No	77	1157	SFDT	[380]

^aYears of sampling are listed as published in the references. In cases where this information was not available, the year listed here is the year when the study was published, as indicated by ‘<’. Data from the 1980s are included if the study was published in the 1990s and if no recent data were available for the area.

^bBOH, women with bad obstetric history.

^cSeroprevalences marked with ‘*’ were calculated from the published data.

^dCFT, complement fixation test; DAT, direct agglutination test; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELFA, enzyme-linked fluorescent assay; IFAT, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test; IHAT, indirect haemagglutination test; ISAGA, immunosorbent agglutination assay; LAT, latex agglutination test; MEIA, microparticle capture enzyme immunoassay; SFDT, Sabin–Feldman dye test; –, not reported.

^eData were derived from screening programs using various diagnostic methods.