Table 9.

Seroprevalences of T. gondii infection in domestic and wild fowl (1990–2000)

Country	Year of samplinga	Seroprevalence (%)b	Number of samples tested (n)b	Methodc	Reference
Chickens
Brazil	< 2000	10	155	IFAT	[467]
China	< 1995	3*	109	–	[468]
Czech Republic	1981–90	1–5**	4458*	SFDT	[469]
India	< 1998	40	185	MAT	[470]
Iran	< 1990	33*	101	IHAT	[471]
Japan	1995	6*	50	LAT	[472]
Malaysia	< 1990	17	48	IHAT	[410]
Pakistan	1993	0	64	LAT	[413]
Turkey	1995–96	2	140	SFDT	[473]
Ducks
China	< 1995	4*	82	–	[468]
Czech Republic	1981–90	2	297	SFDT	[469]
Iran	< 1990	0	8	IHAT	[471]
Turkey	1995–96	0	55	SFDT	[473]
Geese
Czech Republic	1981–90	16	32	SFDT	[469]
Iran	< 1990	50*	8	IHAT	[471]
Turkey	1995–96	4	45	SFDT	[473]
Pigeons
Iran	< 1990	33*	12	IHAT	[471]
Turkey	1996–97	0	60	SFDT	[474]
USA (New Jersey)	1986–87	6*	34	MAT	[152]
Turkeys
Iran	< 1990	24*	25	IHAT	[471]
Turkey	1995–96	0	60	SFDT	[473]
Wild turkeys
USA (Alabama)	< 1994	71	17	MAT	[475]
USA (West Virginia)	1993	10	130	–	[153]

^aYears of sampling are listed as published in the references. In cases where this information was not available, the year listed here is the year when the study was published, as indicated by ‘<’. Data from the 1980s are included if the study was published in the 1990s and if no recent data were available for the area.

^bFigures marked with ‘*’ were calculated from the published data. Seroprevalences marked with ‘**’ varied with the herd examined.

^cIFAT, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test; IHAT, indirect haemagglutination test; LAT, latex agglutination test; MAT, modified agglutination test; SFDT, Sabin–Feldman dye test; –, not reported.