Table 1.

Identification of patients with complicated urinary tract infections[5]

Men

Children

Nosocomial infection

Women

Known lesion on prior diagnosis

Functional or structural urinary tract anomaly

Obstruction (e.g., stone, ureteropelvic junction obstruction)

Pregnancy

Diabetes

Spinal cord injury

Neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis) that affects bladder function

Indwelling catheter

Comorbidities that predispose to papillary necrosis (e.g., sickle cell disease, severe diabetes, analgesic abuse, Pseudomonas species infection)

Infection with an unusual organism (e.g., tuberculosis)

Suspected lesion based on history

Unresolved urinary tract infections – failed response to antimicrobial therapy

Bacterial persistence (recurrent urinary tract infections with the same organism)

Infection with urea-splitting organisms

Recurrent febrile urinary tract infections in childhood

Suspected lesion based on symptoms

Febrile urinary tract infections (especially >3 days)

Renal colic

Gross hematuria