Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants by CKD and diabetes mellitus
| Clinical Characteristic | No CKD |
CKD |
Total | P–CKD | P–DM | P–CKD × DM | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No DM | DM | No DM | DM | |||||
| n | 126 (30%) | 29 (7%) | 168 (40%) | 100 (24%) | 423 (100%) | |||
| Age (years) | 54.8 ± 13.2 | 57.8 ± 11.7 | 62.8 ± 12.8 | 63.4 ± 10.4 | 60.2 ± 12.8 | <0.0001 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Gender | 116 (92%) | 26 (90%) | 161 (96%) | 99 (99%) | 402 (95%) | 0.03 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Race | <0.0001 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |||||
| White | 112 (89%) | 26 (90%) | 108 (64%) | 69 (69%) | 315 (74%) | |||
| Black | 14 (11%) | 3 (10%) | 60 (36%) | 31 (31%) | 108 (26%) | |||
| Weight (kg) | 93.6 ± 23.6 | 104.1 ± 28.2 | 90.4 ± 21.5 | 97.4 ± 20.6 | 93.9 ± 22.7 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.5 |
| Height (in.) | 69.8 ± 3.0 | 70.0 ± 3.4 | 69.0 ± 3.2 | 69.2 ± 2.7 | 69.3 ± 3.1 | 0.02 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 6.7 | 32.9 ± 8.6 | 29.2 ± 6.0 | 31.5 ± 5.9 | 30.1 ± 6.5 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.5 |
| History of smoking | <0.01 | 0.7 | 0.02 | |||||
| never | 32 (25%) | 12 (41%) | 32 (19%) | 11 (11%) | 87 (21%) | |||
| past | 47 (37%) | 14 (48%) | 94 (56%) | 63 (63%) | 218 (52%) | |||
| current | 46 (37%) | 3 (10%) | 40 (24%) | 26 (26%) | 115 (27%) | |||
| Prevalence of | ||||||||
| MI | 16 (13%) | 7 (24%) | 28 (17%) | 29 (29%) | 80 (19%) | 0.3 | <0.01 | 0.9 |
| coronary artery bypass graft | 8 (6%) | 2 (7%) | 19 (11%) | 21 (21%) | 50 (12%) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.5 |
| percutaneous coronary intervention | 7 (6%) | 4 (14%) | 21 (13%) | 14 (14%) | 46 (11%) | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| coronary artery disease | 21 (17%) | 8 (28%) | 42 (25%) | 37 (37%) | 108 (26%) | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.9 |
| BP medication use | 77 (61%) | 25 (86%) | 151 (90%) | 99 (99%) | 352 (83%) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.4 |
| BP medications (number) | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 0.9 |
| thiazide diuretic use | 26 (21%) | 11 (38%) | 44 (26%) | 26 (26%) | 107 (25%) | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| loop diuretic use | 13 (10%) | 4 (14%) | 51 (30%) | 70 (70%) | 138 (33%) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.04 |
| dihydropyridine use | 13 (10%) | 3 (10%) | 60 (36%) | 36 (36%) | 112 (26%) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1 |
| nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker use | 9 (7%) | 5 (17%) | 14 (8%) | 10 (10%) | 38 (9%) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| β-blocker use | 32 (25%) | 7 (24%) | 72 (43%) | 53 (53%) | 164 (39%) | <0.0001 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| α-blocker use | 18 (14%) | 5 (17%) | 51 (30%) | 30 (30%) | 104 (25%) | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| centrally acting agent use | 4 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 12 (7%) | 15 (15%) | 32 (8%) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.5 |
| vasodilator use | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (6%) | 2 (2%) | 13 (3%) | 0.02 | 0.1 | |
| ACE inhibitor use | 33 (26%) | 22 (76%) | 72 (43%) | 68 (68%) | 195 (46%) | 0.03 | <0.0001 | 0.04 |
| ARB use | 5 (4%) | 3 (10%) | 22 (13%) | 26 (26%) | 56 (13%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.8 |
| statin use | 37 (29%) | 9 (31%) | 84 (50%) | 74 (74%) | 204 (48%) | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.07 |
| ASA use | 38 (30%) | 14 (48%) | 81 (48%) | 63 (63%) | 196 (46%) | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.7 |
| ACE and/or ARB use | 38 (30%) | 24 (83%) | 90 (54%) | 86 (86%) | 238 (56%) | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.2 |
| Clinic systolic BP (mmHg) | 137.6 ± 18.5 | 139.8 ± 22.0 | 144.8 ± 20.6 | 153.6 ± 23.7 | 144.4 ± 21.7 | <0.01 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83.3 ± 10.6 | 81.0 ± 14.2 | 83.7 ± 12.6 | 78.8 ± 12.1 | 82.2 ± 12.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Clinic heart rate (bpm) | 73.8 ± 11.9 | 77.9 ± 12.6 | 70.0 ± 12.3 | 70.4 ± 12.5 | 71.8 ± 12.4 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Ambulatory systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.8 ± 12.5 | 127.9 ± 13.5 | 131.8 ± 15.2 | 140.4 ± 18.3 | 132.5 ± 15.9 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.05 |
| Ambulatory diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.9 ± 8.2 | 70.8 ± 8.2 | 75.2 ± 10.6 | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 74.0 ± 10.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| Ambulatory heart rate (bpm) | 74.3 ± 11.2 | 71.8 ± 12.0 | 69.4 ± 10.9 | 70.6 ± 11.4 | 71.3 ± 11.3 | <0.01 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 81.2 ± 14.6 | 82.8 ± 16.9 | 39.3 ± 16.8 | 31.1 ± 14.9 | 52.1 ± 26.9 | <0.0001 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
| CKD stage | <0.001 | |||||||
| 1 | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | |||||
| 2 | 4 (2%) | 5 (5%) | 9 (3%) | |||||
| 3A | 56 (33%) | 15 (15%) | 71 (26%) | |||||
| 3B | 47 (28%) | 20 (20%) | 67 (25%) | |||||
| 4 | 50 (30%) | 52 (52%) | 102 (38%) | |||||
| 5 | 9 (5%) | 8 (8%) | 17 (6%) | |||||
| Urine protein/creatinine ratio (g/g) (median, IQR) | 0.078 (0.062, 0.106) | 0.096 (0.068, 0.126) | 0.134 (0.068, 0.480) | 0.604 (0.174, 2.44) | 0.118 (0.068, 0.469) | <0.01 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.6 ± 1.5 | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 12.4 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 196.6 ± 37.5 | 177.0 ± 42.8 | 181.0 ± 35.3 | 183.2 ± 39.2 | 185.4 ± 37.9 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
DM, diabetes mellitus; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; IQR, interquartile range.