Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants by CKD
| Clinical Characteristic | Non-CKD | CKD | Total | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 153 (36%) | 267 (64%) | 420 (100%) | |
| Age (years) | 58.0 ± 13.2 | 67.0 ± 11.6 | 63.7 ± 13.0 | <0.0001 |
| Gender (male) | 141 (92%) | 258 (96%) | 399 (95%) | 0.04 |
| Race | <0.0001 | |||
| white | 137 (89%) | 177 (66%) | 314 (74%) | |
| black | 17 (11%) | 91 (34%) | 108 (26%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 95.3 ± 24.6 | 93.0 ± 21.4 | 93.8 ± 22.6 | 0.3 |
| Height (in) | 69.8 ± 3.0 | 69.1 ± 3.0 | 69.3 ± 3.1 | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.2 ± 7.1 | 30.1 ± 6.1 | 30.1 ± 6.5 | 0.8 |
| History of smoking | <0.0001 | |||
| never | 43 (28%) | 43 (16%) | 86 (20%) | |
| past | 61 (40%) | 157 (59%) | 218 (52%) | |
| current | 49 (32%) | 66 (25%) | 115 (27%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29 (19%) | 100 (37%) | 129 (31%) | <0.0001 |
| Prevalence of | ||||
| myocardial infarction | 23 (15%) | 57 (21%) | 80 (19%) | 0.1 |
| coronary artery bypass graft | 10 (6%) | 40 (15%) | 50 (12%) | <0.01 |
| percutaneous coronary intervention | 11 (7%) | 35 (13%) | 46 (11%) | 0.06 |
| coronary artery disease | 29 (19%) | 79 (29%) | 108 (26%) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 7 (5%) | 26 (10%) | 33 (8%) | 0.06 |
| peripheral vascular disease | 6 (4%) | 49 (18%) | 55 (13%) | <0.0001 |
| any atherosclerotic diseasea | 38 (25%) | 114 (43%) | 152 (36%) | <0.0001 |
| BP medication use | 102 (66%) | 250 (93%) | 352 (83%) | <0.0001 |
| BP medications (number) | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| thiazide diuretic use | 37 (24%) | 70 (26%) | 107 (25%) | 0.6 |
| loop diuretic use | 17 (11%) | 121 (45%) | 138 (33%) | <0.0001 |
| dihydropyridine use | 16 (10%) | 96 (36%) | 112 (27%) | <0.0001 |
| nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker use | 14 (9%) | 24 (9%) | 38 (9%) | 1 |
| β-blocker use | 39 (25%) | 125 (47%) | 164 (39%) | <0.0001 |
| α-blocker use | 23 (15%) | 81 (30%) | 104 (25%) | <0.0001 |
| centrally acting agent use | 5 (3%) | 27 (10%) | 32 (8%) | <0.01 |
| vasodilator use | 1 (1%) | 12 (4%) | 13 (3%) | 0.03 |
| ACEI use | 55 (36%) | 140 (52%) | 195 (46%) | <0.0001 |
| ARB use | 8 (5%) | 48 (18%) | 56 (13%) | <0.0001 |
| statin use | 46 (30%) | 158 (59%) | 204 (48%) | <0.0001 |
| ASA use | 52 (34%) | 144 (54%) | 196 (46%) | <0.0001 |
| ACEI and/or ARB use | 62 (40%) | 176 (66%) | 238 (56%) | <0.0001 |
| Clinic systolic BP (mmHg) | 138.1 ± 19.1 | 148.1 ± 22.2 | 144.4 ± 21.6 | <0.0001 |
| Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82.9 ± 11.4 | 81.9 ± 12.6 | 82.2 ± 12.2 | 0.4 |
| Clinic heart rate (bpm) | 74.5 ± 12.2 | 70.2 ± 12.3 | 71.8 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Ambulatory systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.8 ± 12.6 | 135.1 ± 17.0 | 132.5 ± 15.9 | <0.0001 |
| Ambulatory diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.3 ± 8.3 | 73.8 ± 11.0 | 74.0 ± 10.1 | 0.7 |
| Ambulatory heart rate (bpm) | 73.9 ± 11.3 | 69.9 ± 11.1 | 71.3 ± 11.3 | <0.01 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 81.5 ± 15.0 | 36.1 ± 16.6 | 51.9 ± 27.0 | <0.0001 |
| CKD stage | ||||
| 1 | 2 (1%) | |||
| 2 | 9 (3%) | |||
| 3A | 71 (26%) | |||
| 3B | 67 (25%) | |||
| 4 | 102 (38%) | |||
| 5 | 17 (6%) | |||
| Urine protein/creatinine ratio (g/g) (median, IQR) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.30 (0.08, 1.64) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.74) | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192.6 ± 39.4 | 181.9 ± 36.8 | 185.5 ± 38.0 | <0.01 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid.
a
Includes myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery bypass graft, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, peripheral vascular disease.