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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 Apr;4(4):502–511. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0098

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Hypothesized mechanisms of physical activity in colon cancer. Physical activity may block inflammatory pathways, resulting in downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/AKT signaling, decreased development of oxidative species, and less DNA damage. Physical activity may also affect the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway and AMP kinase signaling, resulting in lower levels of cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. The effect of physical activity on cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels is unclear (47–50, 54). IGFBP, IGF binding protein; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli.