Artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Art acid artemisinic acid, ADS amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase, Aldh1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, CYP cytochrome P 450 CYP71AV1, DBR2 double bond reductase 2, DXR 1-deoxyxylulouse 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, DXS 1-deoxyxylulose 5- phosphate synthase, FPS farnesyl diphosphate synthase, HMGR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, MEP nonmevalonate pathway (plastid pathway), RED1 dihydroartemisinic aldehyde reductase 1.