Table 1.

Patient Characteristics

	Nature (n = 44)	City (n = 39)	Standard care (n = 37)	p-Value, N v. SC	p-Value, C v. SC	p-Value, N v. C
Gender (% male)	24 (54.6)	24 (61.5)	25 (67.6)	0.26	0.64	0.66
Age (mean ± SD)	58.1 ± 13.5	55.9 ± 14.7	55.3 ± 12.7	0.31	0.78	0.59
Race (% white)	36 (90.0)	24 (82.8)	23 (88.5)	0.53	0.60	0.74
Education (% college graduate)	19 (70.4)	15 (60.0)	17 (77.3)	0.52	0.52	0.31
Annual household income (% >$75,000)	19 (52.8)	15 (51.7)	16 (61.5)	0.24	0.25	0.31
General health status (% poor/fair)	21 (53.8)	10 (34.5)	13 (50.0)	0.80	0.24	0.11
Use of pain meds	7 (15.9)	4 (10.3)	6 (16.2)	1.0	0.51	0.53
>4 prior biopsies	19 (43.2)	23 (59.0)	26 (70.3)	0.02	0.64	0.09
Upper quartile of PCS	13 (33.3)	5 (17.9)	6 (23.1)	0.82	0.54	0.21

Poor/fair health is self-reported health status, use of pain meds indicates use of analgesics prior to the procedure, PCS is the Pain Catastrophizing Index—higher scores indicate greater likelihood to have a negative response to a noxious stimulus. N v. SC is comparing Nature to Standard Care, C v. SC is City compared to Standard Care, and N v. C is comparison of Nature to City.

SD, standard deviation.