Table 4.

Physiologic and Behavioral Outcomes

Measure	Nature	City	Standard Care	p-Value, N v. SC	p-Value, C v. SC	p-Value, N v. C
Δ Cortisol (μg/dL)	0.008 ± 0.2	0.035 ± 0.4	.028 ± 0.1	0.90	0.88	0.98
Blood pressure	92.8 ± 13.3	94.0 ± 11.6	91.5 ± 10.8	0.53	0.33	0.83
Heart rate	99.2 ± 5.0	101.0 ± 3.8	98.6 ± 13.1	0.59	0.29	0.66
Respiratory rate	22.8 ± 4.1	21.4 ± 4.4	22.8 ± 3.9	0.94	0.15	0.17
Composed/anxious	26.0 ± 7.7	27.6 ± 4.2	25.6 ± 7.4	0.75	0.28	0.33
Agreeable/hostile	29.0 ± 6.4	30.5 ± 4.2	29.3 ± 5.8	0.94	0.54	0.57
Elated/depressed	25.1 ± 6.2	26.3 ± 6.5	24.8 ± 8.0	0.88	0.61	0.45

Δ Cortisol is the difference between cortisol after the procedure and before the procedure (units); blood pressure is the average of the highest mean arterial pressure recorded during the procedure; heart rate is the highest heart rate recorded during the procedure; respiratory rate is the highest breathing rate per minute recorded during the procedure; composed/anxious, agreeable/hostile, and elated/depressed are subscales of the Profile of Mood States. Higher scores indicate more negative moods. N v. SC is comparing Nature to Standard Care, C v. SC is City compared to Standard Care, and N v. C is comparison of Nature to City.