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. 2011 Apr 19;469(7):1886–1890. doi: 10.1007/s11999-011-1897-8

Table 1.

Root causes of racial and ethnic health disparities

Patient-related Provider-related System-related
Health status Access Access
Education Bias (surgeon-related and nonsurgeon-related) Insurance coverage
Health literacy Cultural competency Demographics
(Place)Knowledge, attitude, bias Quality
Outcomes