Table 2.

Geometric mean (95% C.I.) children’s urine total NNAL, total cotinine, total nicotine and total nicotine + total cotinine levels by demographic and smoking characteristics.

	Total NNAL (pmol/ml)		Total cotinine (ng/ml)		Total nicotine (ng/ml)		Total nicotine + total cotinine (nmol/ml)
All children	0.08 (0.06 – 0.10)		11.88 (8.42–16.77)		6.90 (4.57–10.43)		0.13 (0.09–0.18)
Race	†		†		†		†
African American	0.11 (0.08–0.17)		20.01 (13.82–28.95)		12.01 (7.59–18.99)		0.21 (0.15–0.31)
White	0.03 (0.02–0.06)		4.06 (1.51–10.89)		1.70 (.47–6.16)		0.04 (0.02–0.11)
Others	0.07 (0.03–0.12)		8.78 (4.37–17.64)		6.21 (3.18–12.16)		0.10 (0.04–0.19)
Income	ns		*		†		†
<$1800/month	0.09 (0.07–0.13)		45.36 (10.49–22.48)		8.87 (5.69–13.84)		0.16 (0.11–0.24)
>=$1800/month	0.04 (0.02–0.09)		5.28 (2.58–10.82)		3.12 (1.17–8.31)		0.06 (0.03–0.12)
Education	ns		ns		ns		ns
<12 years	0.11 (0.07–0.18)		17.44 (10.45–30.27)		10.74 (5.52–20.91)		0.19 (0.11–0.32)
≥12 years	0.07 (0.05–0.10)		10.34 (6.74–15.87)		5.88 (3.52–9.87)		0.11 (0.07–0.17)
Employment Status	*		*		*		*
Not employed	0.10 (0.07–0.14)		15.90 (11.10–22.77)		9.61 (6.41–13.39)		0.17 (0.12–0.24)
Full or part time	0.05 (0.03–0.09)		6.56 (3.14–13.69)		3.52 (1.37–8.99)		0.07 (0.03–0.15)
Housing Type	ns		ns		ns		ns
Multi-unit dwelling	0.09 (0.06–0.13)		11.64 (7.37–18.40)		7.51 (4.23–13.33)		0.13 (0.08–0.21)
Single family house	0.07 (0.04–0.11)		12.24 (7.04–21.28)		6.09 (3.32–11.20)		0.12 (0.07–0.21)
Child Gender	ns		ns		ns		ns
Female	0.07(0.04–0.11)		12.46 (7.99–19.43)		8.45 (5.34–13.37)		0.14 (0.09–0.21)
Male	0.09 (0.06–0.13)		11.31 (6.53–19.60)		5.61 (2.76–11.38)		0.12 (0.07–0.20)
Time to first cigarette	†		†		§		§
0–30 min	0.11 (0.09–0.15)		18.21 (13.36–24.82)		11.99 (8.03–17.92)		0.20 (0.15–0.27)
31+ min	0.04 (0.02–0.07)		5.45 (2.61–11.43)		2.52 (1.12–5.69)		0.05 (0.03–0.11)
Child exposed in home	§		§		§		§
Yes	0.11 (0.09–0.15)		19.53 (14.78–25.81)		10.99 (7.46–16.22		0.20(0.16–0.27)
No	0.03 (0.01–0.06)		3.28(1.44–7.47)		2.06 (0.78–5.44)		0.04(0.02–0.09)
Child exposed outside home	ns		ns		ns		ns
Yes	0.08 (0.05–0.13)		10.42 (5.83–18.63)		7.14 (3.84–13.28)		0.11(0.06––0.20)
No	0.07(0.05–0.11)		13.43(8.81–20.48)		6.49 (3.61–11.68)		0.14 (0.09–0.21)
Home smoking restrictions	§		§		§		§
Complete restrictions	0.02 (0.0085–0.040)		2.08 (.86–5.03)		1.70 (.57–5.11)		0.03 (0.01–0.07)
Some/no restrictions	0.11 (0.087–0.15)		19.16 (14.54–25.24)		10.13 (6.81–15.07)		0.20 (0.15–0.26)
Car Smoking Restrictions	ns		ns		ns		ns
Complete restrictions	0.07 (0.02–0.23)		13.26 (4.05–43.37)		8.05 (1.84–35.27)		0.15 (0.05–0.47)
Some/ no restrictions	0.05 (0.03–0.08)		5.78 (2.73–12.21)		3.20 (1.45–7.02)		0.06 (0.03–0.12)

^*p<0.05

^†p<0.01

^§p<0.001

^nsnot significant