Table 1.

Examples of Family Psychosocial Issues, Association with Risk for Poor Child Outcomes, and Available Screening Tools

Family Psychosocial Issue	Child Outcomes	Screening Tools
Food insecurity	Iron deficiency anemia, acute infections, depression, poor academic performance, poor social skills8,9,76,77	U.S. Department of Agriculture 18-item Household Food Security scale (HFSS);78 30 day food security scale;79 Single question hunger screening tool;80 2-item food insecurity screen81
Housing instability	Acute illness symptoms, chronic health problems, learning disabilities, behavioral problems, school failure1,12,13,82,83	American Housing Survey84
Intimate partner violence	Abuse, violent behavior, emotional, behavioral, social, and academic problems1,85,86	Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS);87 Conflict Tactic Scale (CTS);88 Hurt, Insult, Threaten, and Scream (HITS);89 Partner Violence Screen (PVS)90; Women Abuse Screening Tool (WAST)91–93
Maternal depression	Low-birth weight, developmental and behavioral problems, low self-esteem, psychiatric disorders1,94	Beck Depression Inventory (BDI);95 Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale;96 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D);97,98 Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2)99,100
Parental history of abuse	Abuse, psychiatric disorders, behavioral problems1,101	Items from the Kempe Family Stress Inventory (KFI)100,102
Parental smoking	Asthma, respiratory infections, otitis media, sudden infant death syndrome103–105	Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST);106 Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)107
Parental substance abuse	Injury, learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders, neglect4,5,108–110	ASSIST;106 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT);111 CAGE questionnaire;112 Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST);113 Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST);114 TWEAK Test115