Table 1.
Age-Adjusted Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population According to Smoking Status
| Smoking Status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All women (n=39825)* | Never (n=20336) |
Past (n=14263) |
Current, <15 cigs/day (n=1967) |
Current, ≥15 cigs/day (n=3259) |
P value‡ |
| Age, years | 54.5 (54.4– 54.6) |
55.0 (54.9–55.1) | 54.1 (53.8–54.4) | 53.8 (53.6–54.0) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, % | 26.4 | 25.5 | 23.2 | 25.5 | 0.021 |
| History of diabetes, % | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.193 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.1 (26.0– 26.2) |
26.2 (26.1–26.2) | 25.3 (25.1–25.6) | 25.5 (25.3–25.7) | <0.001 |
| Exercise frequency in times/week, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Rarely/never | 37.2 | 35.1 | 44.9 | 55.1 | |
| <1 | 19.9 | 19.1 | 21.2 | 22.2 | |
| 1–3 | 32.1 | 33.3 | 27.7 | 18.9 | |
| >3 | 10.8 | 12.6 | 6.2 | 3.8 | |
| Highest education level, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than a bachelor’s degree | 54.4 | 56.0 | 69.0 | 74.1 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 24.0 | 23.7 | 18.8 | 16.5 | |
| Master’s degree or doctorate | 21.6 | 20.3 | 12.2 | 9.4 | |
| Alcohol consumption, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Rarely/never | 53.2 | 34.2 | 40.3 | 45.1 | |
| 1–3 drinks per month | 13.1 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 13.1 | |
| 1–6 drinks per week | 27.7 | 38.0 | 33.0 | 26.3 | |
| ≥1 drink per day | 6.0 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 15.6 | |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, % | 29.2 | 29.4 | 28.8 | 31.0 | 0.022 |
| Menopausal status | 52.9 | 54.6 | 58.9 | 59.7 | <0.001 |
| Hormone replacement therapy | 41.8 | 43.2 | 36.9 | 37.7 | <0.001 |
| Randomized to Aspirin | 50.0 | 50.2 | 49.1 | 49.1 | 0.48 |
| Randomized to Vitamin E | 49.9 | 50.4 | 49.6 | 49.4 | 0.77 |
|
Subcohort with available blood samples (n=28314)† |
n=14631 | n=10389 | n=1255 | n=2039 | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L [mg/dL] | 5.51 (5.48– 5.53) [212.6 (211.5–213.6)] |
5.52 (5.49–5.55) [213.1 (212.0– 214.3)] |
5.64 (5.57–5.70) [217.6 (215.1– 220.1)] |
5.72 (5.66–5.77) [220.6 (218.6– 222.7)] |
<0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L [mg/dL] | 3.21 (3.19– 3.23) [123.9 (123.0–124.8)] |
3.17 (3.15–3.20) [122.5 (121.6– 123.5)] |
3.30 (3.25–3.36) [127.6 (125.4– 129.7)] |
3.38 (3.33–3.43) [130.5 (128.7– 132.3)] |
<0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L [mg/dL] | 1.34 (1.34– 1.35) [51.9 (51.5–52.3)] |
1.37 (1.36–1.38) [53.0 (52.6–53.4)] |
1.28 (1.26–1.30) [49.4 (48.6–50.2)] |
1.22 (1.20–1.23) [46.9 (46.3–47.5)] |
<0.001 |
| hsCRP, nmol/L [mg/L] | 18.7 (18.2– 19.3) [1.97 (1.91–2.03)] |
19.1 (18.4–19.7) [2.00 (1.94–2.07)] |
18.7 (17.4–20.0) [1.96 (1.83–2.11)] |
24.8 (23.4–26.3) [2.60 (2.5–2.8)] |
<0.001 |
| ICAM, µg/L | 345.9 (344.0– 347.8) |
348.5 (346.5–350.6) | 397.0 (392.1–402.0) | 457.0 (452.3–461.7) | <0.001 |
Data are means (95% confidence intervals) or percentages
Missing data, n (%): Age, 0 (0); history of hypertension, 9 (0.02); history of diabetes 0 (0); body mass index, 818 (2.1); exercise frequency, 20 (0.05); highest education level, 670 (1.7%); alcohol consumption, 10 (0.03); history of hypercholesterolemia, 16 (0.04); menopausal status, 71 (0.2); hormone replacement therapy, 78 (0.2); randomized to aspirin 0 (0); randomized to vitamin E 0 (0).
Missing data in the subcohort with available blood samples, n (%): total cholesterol, 404 (1.4%); LDL cholesterol, 403 (1.4); HDL cholesterol, 404 (1.4); hsCRP, 403 (1.4); ICAM, 551 (1.9).
P values were calculated from 3 df tests of general linear models for continuous variables and Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests for categorical variables
LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, hsCRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein, sICAM-1= soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1