Table 2.
Risk of Incident PAD According to Smoking Status
| Smoking Status |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | Past | Current, <15 cigs/day |
Current, ≥15 cigs/day |
P trend* | |
| Participants | 20336 | 14263 | 1967 | 3259 | |
| Events / Person-years of follow-up | 30 / 260855 | 63 / 182532 | 22 / 24440 | 63 / 39502 | - |
| Age-adjusted incidence rate† | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 1.63 | - |
| Baseline examination | |||||
| Age adjusted model (n=39825) | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.95 (1.91–4.55) | 8.76 (5.05–15.21) | 16.51 (10.66–25.57) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 (n=39803)‡ | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.96 (1.92–4.58) | 9.26 (5.33–16.09) | 16.53 (10.66–25.62) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 2 (n=38960) § | 1.0 (Referent) | 3.14 (2.01–4.90) | 8.93 (5.02–15.89) | 16.95 (10.77–26.67) | <0.001 |
| Smoking updated during follow-up | |||||
| Age adjusted model (n=39825) | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.97 (1.94–4.55) | 11.28 (6.62–19.21) | 20.99 (13.29–33.15) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 (n=39803) ‡ | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.98 (1.95–4.56) | 11.89 (6.97–20.28) | 21.19 (13.40–33.50) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 2 (n=38960) § | 1.0 (Referent) | 3.16 (2.04–4.89) | 11.94 (6.90–20.65) | 21.08 (13.10–33.91) | <0.001 |
| Subcohort with available blood samples (n=28314) | |||||
| Participants | 14631 | 10389 | 1255 | 2039 | |
| Events / Person-years of follow-up | 21 / 188625 | 43 / 133470 | 14 / 15742 | 39 / 24878 | - |
| Age-adjusted incidence rate† | 0.11 | 0.32 | 1.02 | 1.57 | - |
| Age adjusted model (n=28314) | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.85 (1.69–4.80) | 8.98 (4.56–17.68) | 16.45 (9.65–28.05) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 (n=27347) ║ | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.89 (1.70–4.91) | 7.12 (3.46–14.63) | 13.46 (7.38–23.42) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 2 (n=27159) ¶ | 1.0 (Referent) | 2.83 (1.64–4.86) | 5.58 (2.61–11.93) | 9.52 (5.17–17.53) | <0.001 |
Data are HR (95% CI)
*
P for trend across categories of cigarette smoking
†
Incidence rates are per 1000 person years of observation
‡
Additionally adjusted for history of hypertension, history of diabetes, and history of hypercholesterolemia
§
Additionally adjusted for body mass index, alcohol consumption, and physical activity
║
Additionally adjusted for history of hypertension, history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity and measured total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
¶
Additionally adjusted for high sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1
PAD = Peripheral artery disease