Table 2.
History of depressive symptoms and cognition | Cross-sectional association between depressive symptoms and cognition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never Depressed‡ | Ever (once or more Depressed) | Not Depressed at Phase 7 | Depressed at Phase 7 | |
N=2852 (66.8%) | N=1419 (33.2%) |
N=3805 (89.1%) | N=466 (10.9%) |
|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
Memory | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.20 (1.00–1.45)* | 1 | 1.38 (1.06–1.80)* |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 1 | 1.36 (1.04–1.77)* |
AH4-I (reasoning) | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.26 (1.07–1.49)* | 1 | 1.46 (1.14–1.86)* |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.28 (1.08–1.51)* | 1 | 1.46 (1.14–1.87)* |
Mill Hill (vocabulary) | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.14 (0.96–1.34) | 1 | 1.40 (1.10–1.78)* |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 1 | 1.39 (1.10–1.77)* |
Phonemic fluency | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 1 | 1.24 (0.97–1.60) |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 1 | 1.22 (0.94–1.58) |
Semantic fluency | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.19 (1.00–1.42)* | 1 | 1.40 (1.10–1.80)* |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.19 (1.00–1.42)* | 1 | 1.37 (1.05–1.77)* |
MMSE | ||||
adjusted for age, sex, marital status & education | 1 | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 1 | 1.24 (0.93–1.64) |
+ diabetes, CHD, hypertension, stroke, & anti-depressant use | 1 | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 1 | 1.17 (0.88–1.56) |
Worst sex-specific quintile of cognitive function at Phase 7; covariates drawn from Phase 7.
Not depressed at any of the 6 measures over the 18-year follow-up.