Table 4.

PSQI total and component scores throughout the study (mean ± sd) (ES: effect sizes)

	baseline	week 6	week 12	week 18	week 24	P
Total scores	16.0 ± 3.2	12.4 ± 4.0***	11.0 ± 4.6***	11.2 ± 4.4***	11.1 ± 5.1***	<0.0001
ES		1.19	1.56	1.50	1.53
Sleep quality	2.54 ± 0.5	1.67 ± 0.8***	1.46 ± 0.8***	1.44 ± 0.8***	1.53 ± 0.9***	<0.0001
ES		1.74	2.16	2.20	2.02
Sleep latency	2.51 ± 0.7	2.10 ± 0.9	1.80 ± 1.1***	2.08 ± 1.0*	1.87 ± 1.0***	<0.0001
ES		0.59	0.99	0.61	0.89
Sleep duration	2.56 ± 0.6	1.90 ± 1.0***	1.56 ± 1.1***	1.51 ± 1.2***	1.54 ± 1.2***	<0.0001
ES		1.10	1.66	1.75	1.72
Sleep efficiency	2.62 ± 0.7	1.92 ± 1.2***	1.72 ± 1.3***	1.69 ± 1.2***	1.62 ± 1.2***	<0.0001
ES		1.00	1.27	1.33	1.41
Sleep disturbance	2.33 ± 0.5	1.97 ± 0.6	1.85 ± 0.6**	1.97 ± 0.7	1.44 ± 1.0***	<0.0001
ES		0.72	0.90	0.72	1.68
Sleep medications	1.41 ± 1.4	0.82 ± 1.3	0.51 ± 1.1**	0.62 ± 1.2*	0.72 ± 1.2*	= 0.0028
ES		0.42	0.62	0.56	0.48
Daytime dysfunction	2.28 ± 0.6	2.00 ± 0.9	1.95 ± 0.9	1.92 ± 0.9	1.92 ± 1.0	= 0.0454
ES		0.47	0.51	0.55	0.55

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, and ***: p < 0.001 in relation to baseline (Tukey's post-test). Bold: large effect sizes.