Table 2. Validity of individual measures of myelopathy.

Test item	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Positive likelihood ratio (95% CI)	Negative likelihood ratio (95% CI)
Age >45 years	0.86 (0.81–0.93)	0.26 (0.23–0.29)	1.2 (1.0–1.3)	0.48 (0.26–0.85)
Spurling’s test	0.15 (0.09–0.19)	0.94 (0.92–0.97)	2.6 (1.2–5.8)	0.90 (0.84–0.98)
Distraction test	0.40 (0.02–0.07)	0.97 (0.96–0.99)	1.8 (0.51–6.5)	0.97 (0.94–1.0)
Hoffmann’s test	0.31 (0.25–0.35)	0.73 (0.59–0.84)	4.9 (2.6–9.6)	0.74 (0.67–0.83)
Clonus	0.07 (0.04–0.08)	0.99 (0.97–0.99)	5.4 (1.2–23.4)	0.94 (0.09–0.99)
Babinski test	0.07 (0.42–0.68)	1.0 (0.98–1.0)	Inf (2.9–Inf)	0.93 (0.93–0.97)
Gait deviation	0.19 (0.14–0.24)	0.94 (0.91–0.97)	3.4 (1.6–7.3)	0.85 (0.78–0.94)
Hyper-reflexia biceps	0.18 (0.13–0.22)	0.96 (0.93–0.98)	4.8 (2.0–11.7)	0.85 (0.79–0.93)
Inverted supinator sign	0.18 (0.14–0.19)	0.99 (0.97–0.99)	29.1 (5.1–171.5)	0.82 (0.81–0.84)
Hyper-reflexia quadriceps	0.22 (0.17–0.25)	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	6.9 (2.8–17.5)	0.81 (0.76–0.89)
Hyper-reflexia Achilles	0.15 (0.11–0.17)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	7.8 (2.5–25.4)	0.87 (0.84–0.93)
Pain score	0.36 (0.28–0.45)	0.52 (0.48–0.57)	0.8 (0.52–1.1)	1.2 (0.95–1.5)
Pain constancy	0.62 (0.53–0.70)	0.40 (0.35–0.45)	1.03 (0.82–1.3)	0.95 (0.67–1.3)

Note: Useful likelihood ratios appear in bold.