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Topography of the modified surfaces. All samples were created by SAM modification followed by additional treatments. Negative controls include (A) an unmodified SAM surface and (D) a SAM surface treated with 0.2 μg/μL pDNA. Samples include (B) a SAM surface treated with 0.02 ng/μL DPP conjugates and (C) a SAM surface treated with 2 ng/μL DPP conjugates. All surfaces were treated with PEI. Each sample was prepared and analyzed 10 times with representative images shown.
