Table 2.
Characteristics of participant groups (SD in parentheses).
| Group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Early | Late | Mono |
| Age | 18.9 (1.3) | 20.8 (2.5) | 20.4 (5.5) |
| Gender (F:M) | 19:17 | 19:11 | 18:16 |
| Socioeconomic status | 48.6 (24.2) | 62.3 (21.3) | 77.3 (17.0)(percentile score) |
| Parental education (years) | 11.8 (3.7) | 13.7 (3.4) | 14.7 (3.2) |
| Non-verbal intelligence | 9.1 (2.3) | 8.2 (3.0) | 6.9 (3.0)score (out of 12) |
| Age of first learning L2 | 2.9 (1.8) | 7.8 (3.7) | – |
| Age of first able to | 4.0 (1.7) | 12.3 (4.7) | –communicate in L2 |
| PROFICIENCY IN L1 (SEVEN-POINT SCALE) | |||
| Speaking | 4.9 (0.9) | 6.7 (0.7) | – |
| Understanding | 5.2 (1.0) | 6.7 (0.6) | |
| Reading | 2.4 (1.2) | 6.6 (0.7) | |
| Writing | 2.1 (1.1) | 6.3 (0.9) | |
| PROFICIENCY IN L2 (SEVEN-POINT SCALE) | |||
| Speaking | 6.8 (0.4) | 4.9 (1.0) | – |
| Understanding | 6.9 (0.3) | 5.0 (0.9) | |
| Reading | 6.8 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.9) | |
| Writing | 6.7 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.9) | |
| Percentage use of L1 and L2 (L1:L2) | 25:75 | 59:40 | – |
| Frequency of mixing L1 and L2 (five-point scale) | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.0) | – |
| Frequency of inhibiting L1 (five-point scale) | 1.6 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.2) | – |
Early = early bilinguals; late = late bilinguals; mono = monolinguals.