Table 1.
Participant characteristics comparing subjects with and without DR
| All subjects | DR present | DR absent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N = 224 | n = 144 | n = 80 | P* |
| Male sex | 133 (59.4) | 41 (51.3) | 92 (63.9) | 0.07 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current | 16 (7.1) | 14 (9.7) | 2 (2.5) | 0.11 |
| Past | 88 (39.3) | 57 (39.6) | 31 (38.8) | |
| Never | 120 (53.6) | 73 (50.7) | 47 (58.8) | |
| Hypertension | 137 (61.2) | 99 (68.8) | 38 (47.5) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia | 122 (54.5) | 83 (57.6) | 39 (48.8) | 0.20 |
| Age (years) | 56.5 ± 11.8 | 57.4 ± 10.9 | 54.8 ± 13.3 | 0.11 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 16.2 ± 10.5 | 18.6 ± 10.7 | 11.8 ± 8.67 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 128 ± 14.5 | 129.8 ± 14.9 | 124.8 ± 13.2 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic | 76.1 ± 8.9 | 75.9 ± 9.2 | 76.5 ± 8.4 | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 6.3 | 30.9 ± 6.4 | 29.8 ± 5.6 | 0.24 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.4 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 0.68 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 9.2 ± 3.7 | 9.3 ± 3.6 | 8.8 ± 4.0 | 0.50 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 0.51 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 0.44 |
| SNP | 5.0 ± 2.34 | 4.63 ± 2.10 | 5.58 ± 2.58 | 0.005 |
| ACh | 6.41 ± 3.15 | 5.92 ± 3.07 | 7.16 ± 3.13 | 0.007 |
Data are presented as n (%) or as mean ± SD.
*Comparing those with and without DR in those with diabetes.