Table 1.
Prevalences and prevalence ratios of cancer according to diabetes status among men and women, BRFSS 2009
| Cancer site/tract | Cancer type | Crude prevalence, % (SE) |
Prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | No diabetes | P | Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ | ||
| Men, N | 19,719 | 131,740 | |||||
| All cancers | 15.89 (0.45) | 7.49 (0.11) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | |
| Breast cancer | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.029 | 5.2 (2.1–12.7) | 3.0 (1.2–7.1) | 1.5 (0.4–4.8) | |
| Male reproductive | 5.35 (0.31) | 2.06 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | |
| Prostate | 5.11 (0.31) | 1.89 (0.05) | <0.0001 | 2.7 (2.4–3.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | |
| Testicular | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.03) | 0.20 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | |
| Head/neck | 0.58 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.02) | 0.0006 | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Head and neck | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.18 | 1.9 (0.9–3.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | |
| Oral | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.43 | 1.5 (0.6–3.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | |
| Pharyngeal | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.066 | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | |
| Thyroid | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.014 | 2.7 (1.5–4.8) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 1.90 (0.17) | 0.58 (0.03) | <0.0001 | 3.2 (2.7–4.0) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.4 (1.2–1.8) | |
| Colon | 1.37 (0.15) | 0.42 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 3.2 (2.5–4.1) | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | |
| Esophageal | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.95 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | |
| Liver | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.022 | 3.7 (1.8–7.6) | 1.9 (0.9–4.0) | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | |
| Pancreatic | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.034 | 7.0 (2.8–17.3) | 3.4 (1.4–8.3) | 4.6 (1.8–11.7) | |
| Rectal | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.003 | 4.7 (2.6–8.8) | 2.1 (1.1–4.0) | 2.2 (1.0–4.7) | |
| Stomach | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.12 | 2.2 (1.0–4.5) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | |
| Leukemia/lymphoma | 0.68 (0.10) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.026 | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 0.32 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.02) | 0.023 | 2.4 (1.4–4.1) | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | |
| Leukemia | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.02) | 0.61 | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) | |
| Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.03) | 0.53 | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | |
| Skin | 5.57 (0.27) | 3.09 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | |
| Melanoma | 2.01 (0.15) | 0.99 (0.04) | <0.0001 | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | |
| Other skin | 3.71 (0.23) | 2.14 (0.05) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | |
| Lung | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.0036 | 2.0 (1.3–2.9) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | |
| Urinary | 1.35 (0.14) | 0.33 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 4.1 (3.2–5.1) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | |
| Bladder | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) | |
| Kidney | 0.50 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.01) | <0.0001 | 4.3 (2.9–6.4) | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | |
| Other sites | 1.53 (0.15) | 0.70 (0.04) | <0.0001 | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | |
| Heart | Rare§ | Rare | — | — | — | — | |
| Bone | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.28 | 1.9 (0.7–4.9) | 1.6 (0.7–3.9) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | |
| Brain | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.33 | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | 1.6 (0.7–4.0) | 2.2 (0.9–5.6) | |
| Neuroblastoma | Rare | Rare | — | — | — | — | |
| Other | 1.36 (0.14) | 0.60 (0.03) | <0.0001 | 2.3 (1.8–2.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
| Women, N | 28,699 | 217,625 | |||||
| All cancers | 17.08 (0.39) | 10.37 (0.11) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (1.6–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | |
| Breast | 5.52 (0.24) | 2.87 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | |
| Reproductive | 4.08 (0.25) | 2.22 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | |
| Cervical | 1.87 (0.15) | 1.36 (0.05) | 0.0011 | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
| Endometrial | 1.45 (0.17) | 0.45 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 3.2 (2.5–4.1) | 2.0 (1.6–2.6) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | |
| Ovarian | 0.87 (0.13) | 0.44 (0.03) | 0.0011 | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | |
| Head/neck | 0.67 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.02) | 0.0023 | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | |
| Head and neck | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.38 | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | |
| Oral | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.21 | 2.0 (0.8–4.7) | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | |
| Pharyngeal | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.005) | 0.18 | 2.2 (0.9–5.0) | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) | |
| Thyroid | 0.48 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.02) | 0.019 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 1.42 (0.12) | 0.59 (0.03) | <0.0001 | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | |
| Colon | 1.12 (0.10) | 0.47 (0.02) | <0.0001 | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | |
| Esophageal | Rare | 0.02 (0.003) | — | — | — | — | |
| Liver | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.071 | 4.7 (1.7–12.7) | 3.2 (1.1–9.3) | 2.9 (0.9–9.6) | |
| Pancreatic | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.005) | 0.032 | 3.6 (1.6–7.8) | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 2.5 (0.9–6.8) | |
| Rectal | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.11 | 2.2 (1.1–4.7) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | |
| Stomach | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.40 | 1.4 (0.7–3.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | |
| Leukemia/lymphoma | 0.63 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.02) | 0.0019 | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.34 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | |
| Leukemia | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.0015 | 3.1 (1.9–4.9) | 2.0 (1.3–3.4) | 2.3 (1.3–4.2) | |
| Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 0.16 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.01) | 0.51 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | |
| Skin | 4.35 (0.20) | 3.25 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | |
| Melanoma | 1.35 (0.12) | 0.90 (0.03) | 0.0004 | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
| Other skin | 3.08 (0.16) | 2.39 (0.05) | 0.0001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | |
| Lung | 0.37 (0.05) | 0.24 (0.02) | 0.0314 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | |
| Urinary | 0.43 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.0002 | 2.3 (1.7–3.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | |
| Bladder | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.009 | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |
| Kidney | 0.24 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.01) | 0.0071 | 2.6 (1.6–4.4) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | |
| Other sites | 1.60 (0.15) | 0.84 (0.04) | <0.0001 | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | |
| Heart | Rare | Rare | — | — | — | — | |
| Bone | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.94 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | |
| Brain | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.54 | 0.7 (0.3–2.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.7 (0.2–2.8) | |
| Neuroblastoma | Rare | Rare | — | — | — | — | |
| Other | 1.50 (0.14) | 0.73 (0.03) | <0.0001 | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | |
*Model 1: unadjusted.
†Model 2: adjusted for age (years, continuous) only.
‡Model 3: adjusted for age (years, continuous), race/ethnicity (non–Hispanic white, non–Hispanic black, Hispanic, other), health insurance coverage (any vs. none), smoking status (current smoker, former smoker, never smoked), heavy drinking (yes, consuming more than two drinks per day among men and more than one drink per day among women vs. no), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), and physical inactivity (yes vs. no).
§Rare: prevalence estimate is between 0 and 0.01%. Statistical tests are not provided due to insufficient data.