Table 1.
Selected characteristics of lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid and heroin users by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition diagnostic status in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
| Characteristics | Lifetime nonmedical prescription opioid users, n = 1815
|
Lifetime heroin users, n = 150
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Prescription opioid abusea | Prescription opioid dependence | χ2 (df) P value | None | Heroin abusea | Heroin dependence | χ2 (df) P value | |
|
|
||||||||
| n = 1294 | n = 390 | n = 131 | n = 46 | n = 53 | n = 51 | |||
| Age in years, mean (SE) | 37.0 (0.51) | 37.5 (0.75) | 38.0 (1.36) | 0.69c | 42.5 (1.74) | 39.0 (2.32) | 43.5 (1.90) | 0.34c |
| Education in years, mean (SE) | 9.8 (0.10) | 9.4 (0.10) | 8.9 (0.20) | <0.01c | 9.2 (0.30) | 9.6 (0.38) | 9.1 (0.27) | 0.47c |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–34 | 46.7 (1.83) | 41.1 (3.21) | 38.7 (5.41) | 4.86 (4) | 20.8 (7.41) | 29.2 (8.56) | 15.7 (5.82) | 1.90 (4) |
| 35–44 | 24.8 (1.25) | 30.2 (2.78) | 25.2 (4.90) | 0.31 | 29.4 (8.03) | 27.6 (7.34) | 26.8 (7.05) | 0.75 |
| 45+ | 28.4 (1.52) | 28.7 (2.85) | 36.1 (5.61) | 49.8 (8.64) | 43.2 (8.40) | 57.5 (8.07) | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 58.4 (1.60) | 71.5 (2.83) | 57.6 (4.87) | 16.11(2) | 77.3 (6.64) | 70.2 (8.12) | 77.1 (5.56) | 0.59 (2) |
| Female | 41.6 (1.60) | 28.5 (2.83) | 42.4 (4.87) | <0.01 | 22.7 (6.64) | 29.8 (8.12) | 22.9 (5.56) | 0.75 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 80.3 (1.81) | 80.4 (2.43) | 72.7 (5.09) | 9.96 (6) | 84.3 (4.83) | 73.1 (6.19) | 54.6 (7.66) | 10.69 (4) |
| Black | 6.6 (0.82) | 4.6 (1.03) | 7.2 (2.34) | 0.15 | 12.3 (4.37) | 16.2 (4.78) | 14.8 (3.99) | 0.04 |
| Hispanic | 7.7 (1.12) | 7.2 (1.46) | 6.9 (3.38) | 3.4 (1.97)b | 10.6 (3.87)b | 30.6 (7.76)b | ||
| Other | 5.5 (0.92) | 7.8 (1.93) | 13.2 (3.28) | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 13.3 (1.08) | 15.9 (2.49) | 29.5 (5.06) | 12.44 (4) | 21.0 (6.74) | 16.9 (5.93) | 19.3 (5.88) | 2.25 (4) |
| High school | 27.6 (1.70) | 33.1 (2.92) | 26.5 (4.43) | 0.02 | 25.1 (7.69) | 38.6 (8.91) | 41.2 (8.26) | 0.69 |
| College or more | 59.1 (1.92) | 51.0 (3.10) | 44.0 (5.71) | 53.9 (8.46) | 44.5 (8.66) | 39.5 (7.92) | ||
| Family income | ||||||||
| <$35,000 | 46.2 (1.83) | 49.9 (3.15) | 65.8 (4.78) | 13.61 (4) | 49.1 (8.62) | 60.9 (8.77) | 71.9 (7.24) | 4.83 (4) |
| $35,000–$69,999 | 32.7 (1.50) | 33.7 (2.92) | 21.9 (4.07) | 0.01 | 34.3 (8.16) | 25.9 (7.97) | 14.8 (5.49) | 0.32 |
| $70,000+ | 21.1 (1.65) | 16.4 (2.27) | 12.3 (3.57) | 16.6 (7.47) | 13.2 (5.72) | 13.3 (6.33) | ||
| Lifetime substance abuse treatment | ||||||||
| Yes | 22.3 (1.33) | 43.3 (2.99) | 68.0 (4.86) | 52.72 (2) | 57.9 (8.24) | 68.5 (7.41) | 84.0 (5.55) | 7.23 (2) |
| No | 77.7 (1.33) | 56.7 (2.99) | 32.0 (4.86) | <0.01 | 42.1 (8.24) | 31.5 (7.41) | 16.0 (5.55) | 0.03 |
| Family history of substance abuse | ||||||||
| Yes | 79.9 (1.42) | 87.9 (1.80) | 87.7 (3.21) | 12.57 (2) | 90.8 (4.01) | 80.7 (7.45) | 92.2 (4.15) | 1.77 (2) |
| No | 20.1 (1.42) | 12.2 (1.80) | 12.3 (3.21) | <0.01 | 9.2 (4.01) | 19.3 (7.45) | 7.8 (4.15) | 0.42 |
Notes:
a
Abuse without dependence;
b
Hispanics and others were combined due to a zero cell (the none group) for “others”;
c
P values of F-test.
Abbreviation: SE, standard error.