Table 1.

Sterile stimuli

Sterile inflammatory signal	Putative sensor	Associated pathology	Refs*
Endogenous
HMGB1	TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, RAGE and CD24	Cellular injury and necrosis	26,93,98,106
HSPs	TLR2, TLR4, CD91, CD24, CD14 and CD40	Cellular injury and necrosis	11,25,106,122
S100 proteins	RAGE	Cellular injury and necrosis	19
SAP130	CLEC4E	Cellular injury and necrosis	72
RNA	TLR3	Cellular injury and necrosis	39,123
DNA	TLR9 and AIM2	Cellular injury and necrosis	40,48–50
Uric acid and MSU crystals	NLRP3	Gout	13,55
ATP	NLRP3	Cellular injury and necrosis	20,60
Hyaluronan	TLR2, TLR4 and CD44	Cellular injury and necrosis	31,32,103
Biglycan	TLR2 and TLR4	Cellular injury and necrosis	14,33
Versican	TLR2	Cellular injury and necrosis	34
Heparan sulphate	TLR4	Cellular injury and necrosis	124
Formyl peptides (mitochondrial)	FPR1	Cellular injury and necrosis	125
DNA (mitochondrial)	TLR9	Cellular injury and necrosis	125
CPPD crystals	NLRP3	Pseudogout	55
β-amyloid	NLRP3, CD36 and RAGE	Alzheimer's disease	56,94,105
Cholesterol crystals	NLRP3 and CD36	Atherosclerosis	59,105
IL-1α	IL-1R	Cellular injury and necrosis	15,22,41
IL-33	ST2	Cellular injury and necrosis	16,86
Exogenous
Silica	NLRP3	Silicosis and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis	44,57,58
Asbestos	NLRP3	Asbestosis and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis	57

AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; CLEC4E, C-type lectin 4E; CPPD, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate; DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; FPR1, formyl peptide receptor 1; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; HSP, heat shock protein; IL, interleukin; MSU, monosodium urate; IL-1R, IL-1 receptor; NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; SAP130, spliceosome-associated protein 130; TLR, Toll-like receptor.

^*References may not be all inclusive.